Airline Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Airline Industry - Assignment Example This entails enhancing overall air travel and market penetration, given the uniqueness of the European market in terms of labor costs, market size, air travel substitutes, deregulation measures and new-play entry prospects. In the introduction section, the report provides a general view of the European airline industry. The report will also include a summary of the PESTLE analysis (in tabular form), opportunities and threats facing the European airline industry. The reflective report section provides the insights into the processes and factors that affect the industry the industry. The conclusion part will provide an overview of the case study (European aviation industry). Since 1919, countries, especially in Europe, had sovereign rights over the airspace in their territories. National governments took responsibility to regulate the industry. However, from 1944, countries began setting rules touching on economic rights in the aviation industry. For example, the U.S. called for an open skies policy through a multilateral agreement. However, European nations called for the formation of an international regulatory authority to regulate issues such as capacity and traveling fees to build the industry. Since then, the European airline industry has changed, thereby promoting competition. Given the diverse issues discussed above, issues specific to Europe’s aviation sector affect the nature of ‘new entry’ airline performance and overall competitiveness. Captain and Sickles (1997) assert that cost implications affect overall airfare, time-utility, overall efficiency and effectiveness of industry players in promoting air travel as the preferred means of transport in Europe. This captures both short- and long-haul travel be it goods, cargo or passenger travel.

Main Features Of A Computer System Information Technology Essay

Main Features Of A Computer System Information Technology Essay The system unit is the core of the computer system. It is a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. The box contains many electronic components that process information, the central processing units (CPU) is one of the main components. The microprocessor or the CPU acts as the brain of the computer; another part is the random access memory (RAM). It stores information that the CPU used when the computer is on. RAM information deletes as soon as the computer switched off. On the back of the system unit there are cables plug into a specific ports. Peripheral device or device (hardware) is not part of the system unit. Mouse is use to show and select items on the computer screen. The first mouse looks a bit like a real mouse nowadays we have different shapes of mice. It is connected to the system unit by a long wire however since there are many technological improvements now we have wireless mice. The mouse usually contains a primary buttons, a wheel and a secondary buttons. The wheel allows the user to scroll through the screens for information. The pointer may change its appearance depending where it is situate on the screen. Primary button selects items on the screen by simply clicking on it. It is the principal way to interact with the computer. Keyboard The main use of the keyboard is to type text into the computer, it contains letters and numerical keys. The keyboard also has some special keys such as the function keys which is use to perform different functions relied on where they are use. Numeric keypad authorises the user to enter numbers in a quicker way. The navigation keys perform almost the same task as the mouse as it allows you to move your position within a document or webpage. Monitor A monitor shows a see able form of the information text and graphics on the computer screen. It is like a television as it displays still and moving pictured. There are two types of monitors, the cathode ray tube (CRT) and the liquid crystal display (LCD). They are both design to make sharp images. The only differences between the two monitors are: the cathode ray tube is enabling you to afford it as it is cheaper and the liquid crystal is thinner and lighter. Speakers Speakers are use to hear the sound effects from the computers and listen to music. It is either built in the system unit or connected to the computer using cables. (http://course.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/s040643/EDD5169H/Computer%20Hardware.gif) Operating system An operating system is the essential interface that is connect to a computer and performs various functions. It is software that acts like the core of computer system. The basic functions of the operating system is the drivers and the security concerns. Drivers are programs to enable the operation of the devices specially the one installed on the system (mouse, keyboard, printer, etc). It translates the commands from operating system and also translates it back from the component to the operating system. The operating system also performs other functions such as debug errors and maintains the system. As computer software is a human creation. It makes the operating system lie down to errors so there are security concerns. Programmers sometime make mistakes that are often implement after testing while other software developers provide more efficient one. It means that some of the operating system is more prone to errors while the other software is more secure. Sometimes bugs in software may prohibit the system to communicate with the hardware devices. The instabilities of the software may result to crashes, which consist of freezing and unresponsive. This result may vary depending on the operating system. It can also lead to a point where the computer in to be reboot. The software bugs also allows unauthorised user to get to the system since its vulnerabilities enable the attackers to exploit and take complete control of the system. They can install Malware and attack other machines. So programmers provide security patches rather than updating the operating system. Types of Operating system Mac occupies the medium range to high end as a result Mac are popularly considered to be more expensive than other pcs. Though Mac suffers from relatively very few hacks, security holes Mac OS x does exist, just like in any other operating system. The Mac has seen significant market share increases in recent years, something that has also increased the amount of Mac-compatible software. MS-DOS, which is short for disk operating system, is an operating system for PCs that uses a command-line user interface. The command-line interface is difficult to learn, and the syntax and commands are not easy for the casual user to remember. There are several other operating systems such as Linux and other windows. (http://ischoolsclsbatungbakal.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/operating-system-interfaces.jpg) 2. Compare and contrast the different formats of computer systems. Large organisations make use of mainframe computers. Mainframes are use for applications such as Bulk Data Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning. Mainframes can be use for several small servers as it has the power to host multiple operating systems. Minicomputers also called workstations lie between mainframes and microcomputers. They used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer was the first successful one. Desktop can be use in a single location it is mainly used in workplaces and households. The power consumption is less critical to that of laptops. Laptops can be miniaturised, optimised and it is portable. Laptops are run using battery or an external battery. They have an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad (mouse) and LCD. 3.Describe the development of the processor in the last fifty years in relation to the development of Personal computers. A computer processor is the most defining thing that man invented .It is one of the most advanced technologies available. Since the development of the computer processors is growing every year. The processors speeds are really high and still increasing. Processors are found almost everywhere cars, cameras etc. Games consoles, digital audio players and GPS device are one of the most high technologies nowadays. The development of these technologies is getting more and more complicated. In 1972 the first processor was made by Intel, it was a 4-bit processor (Intel 4004) with a 740 kHz. After which the second processor was built 16-bit processor that had a 5 MHz speed. IBM produced a later version of the 8086 processor it was the first personal computer invented. Several technologies were being made during this time where a later version was launch the Intel 486, which has a 32-bits, and with a speed of 16MHz. The concept of multitasking was the developed where the processor was enable to run both real mode and protected mode. The System Management Mode (SMM) were attribute for power saving and computers went from Command line interface (CLI) to Windows, icons, menu and pointing device (WIMP) interaction. In 1993 the Pentium processor (Intel) came out with a speed of 60 MHz which next after was the Pentium II which has a speed of 233MHz, Pentium III has a speed of 450 MHz followed by Pentium 4 with a speed of 1.3 GHz. Intel inaugurated the Pentium M with a lower speed of 900 MHz. It has a power saver since the battery of the laptop last longer. In 2006 Core processor was introduced which has a speed of 1.6 GHz, Core Duo has a virtualisation capability which allow the computer system to perform multitask on the same computer. AMD even being one off the processor manufacturer it was not known until 1991 where they launched the AM386 processor with a speed of 40 MHz (same capability as the Intel 386). In 1999 Athlon Processor the crucial competitor to Pentium III was introduced by the AMD with a speed of 500 MHz. It was the first processor that reached 1 GHz at that time. The Computer processor continues their development to get the fastest processor. From 1975 the number of transistors used on a chip has double every year. Software programmers will create more cores that will allow multi-thread applications to be utilised. Computers will develop fast processors with multimedia applications such as graphics software, video players so on. (Ref: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-computer-processors.html) for dates and information. Intel Processor Generations Summary Generation Intel CPU Approx. Year 1st Generation 8086 (1) 1980   . 80186 1981   . 80286 1982 2nd Generation 80286 (2) 1982 3rd Generation 80386 (3) 1987 4th Generation 80486 (4) 1990   5th Generation Pentium (5) 1993   6th Generation Pentium Pro (6) 1995   . Pentium II 1996   . Pent. MMX 1997 . Celeron 1998   . Pentium 3 1999   7th Generation Pentium 4 (7) 2000   . Celeron II 2000   . Duron 2000 8th Generation Intel Core (8) 2006 (http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/computer/cpu-evolution.htm) (Macs)   (PCs) External Bits Internal Bits Intel CPU Approx. Year AMD CPU 8-bit 8080 1975 1976 8 16 8088 1977 8086 (1) 1980 16-bit 80186 1981 80286 1982 16 32 80286 (2) 1982 1985 32-bit 80386 (3) 1987 29000 80486 (4) 1990 1991 Pentium (5) 1993 32 64 1994   586 64-bit Pentium Pro (6) 1995 Pentium II 1996 K5 Pent. MMX 1997 K6 Celeron 1998 Pentium 3 1999 Athlon 64 128 Pentium 4 (7) 2000 K7 Celeron II Duron 128-bit 2001 2002 128 256 2003   256-bit 2004 2005 Intel Core (8) 2006 4. What are the SRAM, DRAM, ROM and Cache? And how are their functions different in the Computer system. SRAM that is static random access memory is more common than the DRAM. Compared to a DRAM SRAM does not have to be refresh and the access time is lower as well. SRAM does not have to be paused like the DRAM and it is often used as a memory cache. Unfortunately it is really expensive. However DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is most commonly used for personal computers and workstation. The personal computer processor can access any part of the memory directly rather than having to proceed from the beginning. DRAM has to be refreshed since it runs on the principle of moving current from a switch with two directions. The DRAM capacitors loose their charge really rapid. ROM (Read only memory) authorise you to write data only once and you allows you to read it as many time you want. It is also refers memory chips. Example of ROM is CD. A cache is use to store data temporary that you tend to use again. It is a block RAM that the CPU and Hard drive have a tendency to use regularly. Cache memory let the user to read the data faster that a RAM does, even if it is small. 5. What are the key development stages of computer systems since 1946? The key development stages often refer to the fundamental change occurs in the way computers operate that is increasingly smaller, cheaper, more efficient and reliable device. It is break down into four main stage of development know as generations development. First Generation is from 1946 -1958 (Vacuum tubes) Second Generation is from 1959-1964 (The era of the transistors) Third Generation is from 1965- 1979 (Integrated circuit Miniaturising the computer) Fourth Generation is from 1971-present. (The era of microprocessors) First generation (1946-1956) vacuum tubes. The first generation computer is the first one using Electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). They used vacuum tubes for the circuit and the magnetic drums for memory. It used to depend on machine language. It was really difficult to perform since it was the lowest programming language that was understand by computers. The input of the computer was based on punched cards and paper tape whereas the output was shown on the printouts. Then after in 1951 the first commercial computer was introduce UNIAC (universal automatic computer). IBM also launched the SAGE which was one of the leading computer Second Generation is from 1959-1964 (The era of the transistors) This generation is when most practical work was developing as the discovery of the transistors was made. It is when the real time reservation system begin the second generation of computers. As the transistors help the computer to improve its performance less space will be used, became more reliable, cheaper and finally less energy power was used. Third Generation is from 1965- 1979 (Integrated circuit Miniaturising the computer) 1965 it is when Gordon Moore predicts that the number of chips use will double up in a transistor. It was in the third generation that Intel had developed newly improve memory chip after which the microchip was introduce with a 256-bit RAM. Fourth Generation is from 1971-present. (The era of microprocessors) It is in the fourth generation that Intel develop a CPU through a micro chip. It is when Pascal programming language was written. The development has improved in a really wider way with windows, Mac etc. However the fifth generation is believed it will consist of artificial intelligence is a major way. Where the experts system can help Doctors for example to reach a diagnose. Things like Problem solving Robotics Natural language Expert system will be able to use by computers. 6. Use the internet to find a high performance personal Computer and explain the features within it. Specifically Discuss: Storage IP/OP Processor Speed/Power Multimedia facilities Other highlighted selling points. The best PC (personal computer) I found was the HP with an operating system capability of 64-bit on a speed of 2.66 GHz Intel processor. With an 8 hour battery life and a dimension of 33.1 x 24.3 cm. It has an internal drives of 320GB with a hard disk drives 7200 rpm. It has the latest wireless and Bluetooth facilities. System features Processor type Intel ® Coreà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢2 Duo Processor P8800 (2.66 GHz, 3 MB L2 cache, 1066 MHz FSB) Operating system installed Genuine Windows Vista ® Business with downgrade to Windows XP Professional custom installed Chipset Mobileà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Intel ® GM45 Express Chipset Dimensions and weight Product weight Starting at 2.1 kg Product dimensions (W x D x H) 3.1 (at front) x 33.1 x 24.3 cm Memory Standard memory 3 GB 800 MHz DDR2 SDRAM Memory slots 2 SODIMM slots supporting dual channel memory Storage Internal drives 320 GB 7200 rpm SATA Optical drives Upgrade bay: LightScribe DVD+/-RW SuperMulti with Double Layer Graphics Display 35,8 cm (14.1) WXGA (1280 x 800 resolution) or 35,8 cm (14.1) Illumi-Lite LED WXGA (1280 x 800 resolution) or 35,8 cm (14.1) WXGA+ (1440 x 900 resolution) optional 2 MP Webcam with Business Card Reader Software Graphics Mobileà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Intel ® Graphics Media Accelerator 4500MHD Expansion features Ports 3 USB 2.0 ports, VGA, stereo microphone in, stereo headphone/line out, Firewire (1394a), power connector, RJ-11, RJ-45 Slots Slots available for additional devices: 1 ExpressCard/54 slot, Secure Digital slot Audio High Definition Audio, stereo speakers, stereo headphone/line out, stereo microphone in, integrated dual-microphone array Integrated camera 2 MP webcam Keyboard Full-sized keyboard Whats in the box Enhanced dual pointing devices (touchpad and pointstick) with scroll zone Communications Network interface Intel Gigabit Network Connection (10/100/1000 NIC) Wireless technologies Intel 802.11a/b/g/draft-n, Bluetooth ® 2.0 Power and operating requirements Battery type 6-cell (55 WHr) Lithium-Ion battery Power features 6-cell (55 WHr) Lithium-Ion battery Battery life Up to 8 hours (more than 17 hours with the HP Extended Life Battery and up to 24 hours with the HP Ultra-Capacity Battery) Operating temperature range 0 ° to 35 ° C Security management Security management McAfee Security Solution, Kensington Lock slot, HP Privacy Filter (http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/uk/en/sm/WF06b/321957-321957-64295-3955549-3955549-3688868-4017987.html )

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Philosophy Education

My Philosophy of Education Why do I want to be a teacher? I have thought long and hard over that question, and my answer is â€Å"I don’t know.† My initial thought about going into teaching stemmed from my own experiences. When my son was in school, a teacher gave up on him and said, â€Å"he’ll be a dropout.† They will weed him out when he gets to high school. My son is now a junior at West Virginia University. I never want to see another kid be dropped through the cracks or weeded out, when he gets to high school. Children are our greatest assets. Teachers have an obligation to try every avenue with each student until they find one that works. I know that every time I walk into a classroom of students, I get a chill up my back. I feel like I am home. I am comfortable in a room full of children, waiting and wanting to learn. I feel that it is my responsibility to give them the best education I can provide. My philosophy of education is a blend of positive and negative points of Plato/Socrates, William Bagley’s essentialism, and B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism. Socrates’ ability to make students question, disprove and test the inner thoughts fascinate me. William Bagley’s essentialists give students the back to basics education program, with heavy emphasis put on writing, science, reading, math, art and music. I firmly believe students learn through reasoning out questions and problems and from meaningful life experiences and social interactions. B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism urge’s teachers to use a positive reinforcement to encourage a positive behavior. I do believe vocational school is the right direction for some students to pursue. I also think that students’ interests and activities should be taken int... ...e children today are adults and leaders of tomorrow. Children will become what we teach them to become. A teacher who can motivate students, must have a positive attitude and outlook, search for the positive in every student and encourage students to question, search and discover. A teacher needs to be flexible, but firm, understanding, generate interest in everything they teach and never give up on any student. All children deserve the right to a meaningful and rich education. Children learn through the power of reasoning and life experiences. Teachers need to retain the belief that teaching is the most important and rewarding profession one can embark upon. Teachers who strive to teach the next millennium of students will need to have valuable assets and abilities. Anything less will be unfair to the children of the future.

The Struggle for Power in “The Yellow Wallpaper, ” “Daddy, ” and “Editha”

American Literature 9 March 2013 The Struggle for Power in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† â€Å"Daddy,† and â€Å"Editha† Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s piece, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (written in 1890, published in 1892), is a semi-autobiographical piece that, although believed to be a result of her severe postpartum depression, illustrates the difficulties faced by women during the Women’s Movement. These difficulties are further illustrated by the similarly semi-autobiographical poem, based on Plath’s father and husband, â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath (written in 1962, published in 1965).These gender roles are then reversed in â€Å"Editha,† (written in 1898, published in 1905) which has been said to be William Dean Howells’s response to the Spanish-American War. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath and â€Å"Editha† by William Dean Howells all ill ustrate the conflict in gender roles during the Women’s Movement in 19th and 20th Centuries. From the beginning, the narrator in Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† allows men, especially her husband, John, to be superior to her.As a physician, he orders her to stay in bed and discontinue anything stimulating, such as being imaginative or writing. Though she feels better when she writes, and feels it may be beneficial, she does not speak against John but writes in private: â€Å"Personally I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do? † By asking the end question, she essentially states that she is not her husband’s equal and has no choice but to listen, and is accepting of this.She even follows John’s orders even when he is not present to enforce them: â€Å"John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house. † This reaction can be compared to what many people experience today with doctors. Although people usually know what will make themselves feel better, they will most often follow the advice of a doctor instead, simply because physicians are figures of authority. The narrator knows that writing and socializing would help and clearly wants to recover rom her illness, but she allows her husband and brother, who is also a respected physician, to control her treatment. The woman's description of the wallpaper is symbolic of the evolution of her illness. The wallpaper, upon first introduction and description, fully illustrates how the woman regards her illness: â€Å"It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide-plunge off at outrageous angles, des troy themselves in unheard of contradictions. As Paula A. Triechler states in her paper, â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper,’† â€Å"Like all good metaphors, the yellow wallpaper is variously interpreted by readers to represent (among other things) the â€Å"pattern† which underlies sexual inequality, the external manifestation of neurasthenia, the narrator's unconscious, the narrator's situation within patriarchy† (3). This portrays not only how the woman feels about herself and her illness, but also the effect of her husband’s orders.The â€Å"lame uncertain curves† are likely a reference to her husband’s treatment orders, and â€Å"suicide† could very well be the result if followed. The â€Å"unheard of contradictions† express the faultiness of John's methods. At one point she describes his contradictions: â€Å"he says no one but myself can help me out of it, that I m ust use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me,† yet, he does not allow her to do as she wills. She describes writing as a relief, but because John has instructed her to stop writing, she lets her imagination run with the lines of the wallpaper.The more she allows her mind to wander, the more confident she becomes, which is reflective in her description of the woman in the wallpaper. The initial description of this woman is of her â€Å"stooping down and creeping about. † The woman in the wallpaper is a direct reflection of the narrator’s confidence and feelings of inferiority, and the change they undergo. Initially, the woman in the wall symbolizes the narrator’s fear of presenting herself and her opinions, and being her husband’s equal. She begins to display a building confidence in herself, and an almost amused view of John's orders.When John tells her that she seems to be doing well, in spite of the wallpaper, sh e has to stop herself from openly laughing. It is at this point, where she is building confidence in herself, that she begins to see the woman in the wallpaper more clearly. She states, â€Å"I think that woman gets out in the daytime! And I’ll tell you why — privately — I've seen her! † symbolizing her confidence beginning to emerge. Finally, she allows herself to be fully confident; she allows her mind to fully explore the wallpaper. The lines, â€Å"then I peeled off all the paper I could reach standing on the floor.It sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it,† symbolizes the destruction of that which limits her. One may argue that she has had a psychotic break, but the intention of these lines is to show the narrator gaining confidence. As Gilman says herself in an article submitted to the October 1913 issue of The Forerunner regarding her treatment: â€Å"then, using the remnants of intelligence that remained [†¦] I cast the noted specialist's advice to the winds and went to work again—work [†¦] in which is joy and growth and service, without which one is a pauper and a parasite–ultimately recovering some measure of power. This is the same message as the last lines of the story; â€Å"I've got out at last,† she says to John, â€Å"in spite of you and Jane. And I've pushed off most of the paper so you can't put me back† meaning she can no longer be told what she must do and she is now in control, creeping over the fainted John. Similarly, Sylvia Plath illustrates the path she took to break free, from the memory of her father, in her poem â€Å"Daddy. † Plat compares the confinement her father’s memory has created to a shoe, that for thirty years, she was trapped in, too scared to â€Å"dare to breathe or Achoo. Throughout the poem, Plath uses similes and metaphors to give a dramatic view on the relationship between herself and her father. Plath aligns gypsies and Jewish people with the female figure, and she aligns German Nazis with both male figures, she employs these comparisons to draw women as victims and men as persecutors. Plath continues this description of confinement by saying she is a Jew in â€Å"Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. † She continually describes her father as black, and even tells her father: You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the picture I have of you,A cleft in your chin instead of your foot But no less a devil for that, no not Any less the black man who Bit my pretty red heart in two. She resents her father for abandoning her, yet she still feels bound to his memory, so much so that after burying him at the age of ten, she attempted suicide at twenty trying to â€Å"get back, back, back† to him (â€Å"Daddy† 59). Plath further illustrate this confinement to his memory by explain she married a man who, essentially, was her father but after 7, metaphorically, killed her husband thus freeing her of t he memories of her father. As Guinevara A.Nance and Judith P. Jones explain in â€Å"On ‘Daddy,’† Plath accomplishes, through the use of relative chronological sequencing of childhood memories, and on through the attempted suicide â€Å"to the point at thirty when the woman tries to extricate herself from her image of daddy, is a dramatization of the process of psychic purgation in the speaker† (par. 3). While â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Daddy† are stories illustrating women breaking free, â€Å"Editha,† by William Dean Howells, is a story of a woman who desires to overpower her betrothed and by doing so pushes him into war.Editha wants a hero in William Dean Howells’s â€Å"Editha† and will not stop short of persuading her betrothed to go off to war to achieve this dream. In this short story gender differences are at play, but in reverse: Editha feels a patriotic duty to her country even if that means going off to war, while George sees war as absurd. In addition, as Philip Furia from the University of Minnesota states in â€Å"Editha†: The Feminine View, Editha’s idealistic mind set is tainted by her â€Å"unconscious desire to disarm her lover† (279).This unconscious desire is illustrated by her excitement in regards to the war, the possibility of George being maimed and her belief that he will be perfect if he enlists. Upon hearing of the war declaration Editha immediately thinks of George and how glorious it would be if he were a war hero. She feels it is a man’s patriotic duty to serve his country, in war; however, she hardly perceives the sacrifice of enlisting, in most cases that sacrifice being the enlisted’s life. Editha is focused on a picture of perfection and how she will appear to others as the woman betrothed to a heroic solider.She believes he would be perfect and worthy of her love if he enlists. George’s feelings about war are qui et opposite and he voices this when he asks â€Å"is it glorious to break the peace of the world? † (â€Å"Editha† par. 9). He clearly finds war to be unnecessary but this belief vanishes after he goes drinking with friends. He then returns to Editha’s house, drunk, to boast about enlisting and his title of Captain. Editha is delighted with his enlistment, even after George tells her of his father, who lost an arm in the Civil War.This story, instead of scaring her as George intends, thrills Editha; she becomes fascination with the idea of George needing her two arms, which would give her superiority (Furia 280). Editha’s preoccupation with overpowering George is evident in her reaction to him, drunkenly, recounting enlisting after which he kisses her in a manner very â€Å"unlike him, that made her feel as if she had lost her old lover and found a stranger in his place,† she finds that â€Å"within her wilfulness she [has] been frightened by a se nse of subtler force in him [sic]† (â€Å"Editha† para. 4). After George has announced his enlistment, Editha is delighted with his near-perfection, but this near-perfection is lost when George’s name is on the list of those killed. She reels not only from grief but from disbelief because her idealistic picture did not include this and, for that reason, she cannot grasp how it could possibly be. Editha goes to visit Mrs. Gearson, as George had asked before deploying, it is then that Editha cries; however, Editha cries with relief because she feels in Mrs.Gearson’s accusation, that girls and women â€Å"think [the soldiers will] come marching back, somehow, just as gay as they went, or if it's an empty sleeve, or even an empty pantaloon, it's all the more glory, and they're so much the prouder of them, poor things! † she has been understood (â€Å"Editha† par. 118). These three pieces delve into the theme of gender inequality which, during the time these pieces were written, was being questioned and changed through the Women’s Movement.These pieces provide three different views of gender conflict: wife versus the superior husband in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† daughter versus father and later wife versus husband in â€Å"Daddy,† and man versus the woman who desires superiority in â€Å"Editha. † Works Cited â€Å"Daddy by Sylvia Plath. † Internal. org Poets. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Editha. † William Dean Howells's Short Story. Readbookonline. net, n. d. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Furia, Philip. â€Å"‘Editha’: The Feminine View. † American Literary Realism, 1870-1910 12. 2 (1979): 278-282. JSTOR. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Gilman, Charlotte P. Gilman, Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. † The Department of History. The College of Staten Island/CUNY, 08 June 1999. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Nance, Guinevara A. , and Judith P. Jones. â€Å"On ‘Daddy’† Modern American Poetry. University of Illinois English Department, n. d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. † Electronic Text Center. University of Virginia Library, n. d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Treichler, Paula A. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’†Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 3. 1/2 (1984): 61-77. JSTOR. Web. 01 Feb. 2013.

Eating Disorders: Disease or Choice

This desire for perfection is one of the main causes of eating disorders for both men and women around the world. While there are many different organizations and reatment establishments, the aid required in overcoming an eating disorder is very expensive. Many insurance companies deny coverage for the treatment of eating disorders because they view it as a choice, because the treatment is too costly, as well as the uncertainty of the treatment for each individual patient.The standards for qualifying as having an eating disorder are very high; it is very difficult to qualify for covered treatment. The government needs to rectify this by providing more health coverage for people with eating disorders, because with the growing impact of the edia, the death rate from eating disorders will only increase. The worldwide role model for generations of women, Barbie, does not fall short of perfection. Although, what many girls do not know, are the horrors of what a real, life-size Barbie woul d be like. Dr.Margo Maine, in her book, Body Wars, reveals the truth behind a human Barbie: â€Å"If Barbie were an actual woman, she would be 5'9†³ tall, have a 39†³ bust, an 18†³ waist, 33†³ hips and a size 3 shoe† (â€Å"Barbies† 1). While these characteristics might sound appealing to some women, this â€Å"perfect† frame would cause a woman many roblems (â€Å"Barbies 1). With these proportions, Barbie would not likely menstruate and would need to walk on all fours as if she were a household pet (â€Å"Barbies 1). The doll's head, hands and feet are also not to scale (â€Å"Barbies† 1).Seeing someone, such as Barbie as perfection is a true example of a distorted body image. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine refers to body image as â€Å"a person's mental opinion or description of his or her own physical appearance† (Davidson 690). A falsified body image, the fear of becoming overweight, the refusal to eat foods, and/or bi nge eating ollowed by purging through vomiting, heavy exercise or the use of laxatives are all symptoms that characterize the worldwide epidemic of eating disorders (Prescott 104).Although eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness, only 1 in 20 people with eating disorders receive treatment (Kulkarni 1). The lack of federal and state laws encourages the low incidence of treatment (Kulkarni 1). The Federal Mental Health Parity Law only requires health insurance plans (that already offer mental health coverage) to provide the same level of benefits for mental llnesses as for other physical illnesses and diseases (Kulkarni 1). This law does not accept that these insurance plans must provide mental health coverage (Kulkarni 1).The law also allows states to determine which mental illnesses they will provide coverage for (Kulkarni 1). While some states, such as Arkansas, have laws providing coverage for all mental illnesses, some states limit the coverage to à ¢â‚¬Å"serious mental illnesses† or a specific list of â€Å"biologically based† mental illnesses, such as Iowa (Kulkarni 1). These categories have been used by states and insurance companies to estrict or exclude individuals, including those suffering from eating disorders, from receiving life-saving treatment (Kulkarni 1).

Nuremberg Trials and Nazi Germany

Nuremberg Trials and Nazi Germany Free Online Research Papers The Nuremberg trials opened on Nov 20th 1945. The Nuremberg international military tribunal in Nuremberg tried over the many Nazis officials for their participation in the holocaust. The tribunal was composed of 2 judges from each of the following countries: united states , Russia , great Britain , and France . Those who were tried were sentenced from the four counts made to charge the nazi officials with. The four counts used in Nuremberg trails were:1) conspiracy to commit any of the other counts, 2)crimes against peace including starting and participating, 3) war crimes and 4) crimes against humanity. These counts were the basis that all the defendants were tried upon at Nuremberg . Some Nazi offials and leaders never were brought to trail. To some this was considered a large act of being cowardice. Hitler and Goebbels committed suicide at the end of the war. Mengele was able to flee Germany at the end of the war. He died a free man. Even today officials are still being brought to trail. The Nuremberg trails won’t close until any participant is tried for his wrong doing during the holocaust. During the trails documented evidence of the atrocities of the holocaust was issued in the trails. The Nazis documented just about all of their acts during the holocaust. Nazi propaganda films were used as evidence. Many Jews in the concentration camps stole documentation and hid it in milk cans that were recovered at the end of the war. The allies also filmed the camps and survivors which also was used as evidence at the Nuremberg trails. There was a lot of evidence that was used to try the Nazis officials at Nuremberg . Hitler’s right hand man was herman goring. Goring defended himself at his trail. He was charged with all 4 counts and sentenced to death by hanging. He was tried for his involvement with the Gestapo and creating the first concentration camps. Goring committed suicide two hours before he was supposed to be hanged from poison he had on him. Some believe that his guard found mercy on him and he was the one to hand goring his poison to kill himself. This suicide occurred on October 16th 1946. Rudolf Hess was considered the number 3 man in the Nazis reich. He was deputy to the fuhrer. He was charged with counts 1 and 2 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He spent his prison sentence at spandov Prison until 1987 when he committed suicide at the age of 92. Hess fled to try to negotiate peace with Britain in 1941, but was taken prisoner until the end of the war. Wilhelm keitel was High Commander of the armed forces. He also instituted the night and fog decree. He was charged with all 4 counts and sentenced to hanging. Baldurvon schirach was of part American origin. He was a leader of the Hitler youth. Schirach denounced Hitler at Nuremberg . He was charged with count 4 and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Nuremberg brought ease to many of the survivors. All of the Nazis defendants tried to appeal their sentences, but were denied. The wrong doings of the holocaust were brought to justice in a small amount by the trails. Many people in the Nazis party who should have been tried, never will because they either committed suicide or fled the country at the end of the war. Today many participants from the third Reich are still being brought to trial. Though, only a fraction of the participants in the third Reich will ever be charged for their participation in the holocaust. Research Papers on Nuremberg Trials and Nazi GermanyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Where Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringBringing Democracy to Africa

Cultural Considerations Essays

Cultural Considerations Essays Cultural Considerations Essay Cultural Considerations Essay This paper will analyze and assesses the cultural concerns and influences of today’s societies with assorted civilizations and the consequence on the condemnable justnesss system. The paper will turn to how the cultural concerns and influences affect justness and security disposal and pattern. The paper will demo some modern-day methods by the constabulary and security used in societies of assorted civilizations. The paper will turn to how these influences and considerations relate to and impact nondiscrimination patterns within the condemnable justness system. Finally. the paper will turn to Sir Robert Peel’s nine rules and how they fit into today’s constabulary sections. The military business of legion states in the Middle East and Europe has brought constabulary patterns into inquiry. The local constabulary forces have been trained by the armed forces in which the regulations are different. The free people are enduring maltreatment at the custodies of the constabulary in those states. In those instances where hawkish jurisprudence is present and security is more prevailing. the constabulary appear to work more for the current busying military than for that country’s authorities or the people. More than 200 instances of anguish have either been investigated or tribunal marshaled by the United States in misdemeanor of the United Nations anti-torture organic structure in 2006. This addition in anguish may be caused by racial. cultural. and spiritual differences in the modern-day War on Terrorism ( French A ; Wailes. 2008 ) . The maltreatment on that graduated table does non happen within the United States ; nevertheless. a job still exists with the appraisal of constabulary and security forces. These patterns are scrutinized by the military. authoritiess. security bureaus. and local and foreign constabulary. Of class. these patterns question favoritism and profiling. Profiling is one of the major concerns here in the United States. Some confusion issues between profiling and racial profiling. A individual can non be profiled by a constabulary officer based on colour. sex. faith. or civilization. However. a individual can be profiled if he or she matches the description of a suspect. The steps presently used to measure officers are nonsubjective and may unwrap intimate facets of the individual tested. The criterion for acknowledgment in the United States is the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies ( CALEA ) that was established in 1979. Psychological testing is in topographic point. nevertheless ; criterions are non set by CALEA. and each bureau conducts their ain testing ( Gallic A ; Wailes. 2008 ) . In 1973. the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that every constabulary bureau follow a formal choice procedure that includes a written trial of mental ability or aptitude. an unwritten interview. a psychological scrutiny. and a background probe. It was believed that presenting greater showing and standardisation to the choice procedure would ensue in a more qualified constabulary force. International Association of Chiefs of Police ( IACP ) developed several guidelines for pre-employment psychological ratings. These recommendations address such issues as proof of proving instruments. conformity with statute law. such as the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) . utilizing qualified psychologists familiar with the relevant research. and content of the written studies ( Cochrane. Tett A ; Vandercreek. 2008 ) . Conformity with such Acts of the Apostless as the ADA indicates the execution of diverseness in the testing procedure. A few of the most common comprehensive personality trials given to patrol officers during their psychological testing include the undermentioned: Neurosis. Extraversion. and Openness ( NEO ) Personality Inventory. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 ( MMPI-2 ) . and Inwald Personality Inventory ( IPI ) . Traits from the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised. which was based on the five-factor theoretical account of personality. hold besides shown to be prognostic of police public presentation. The MMPI-2 and the IPI have been shown to be effectual in foretelling several occupation standards for constabulary officers every bit good ( Cochrane. Tett A ; Vandercreek. 2008 ) . Today’s American policing and justness system is based on English rules and English common jurisprudence. One such tradition was limited constabulary authorization. This gives manner to autonomies and freedoms and bounds governmental authorization. Another tradition was the localised constabulary control as opposed to a national. centralized police force as experienced in many other states. This turned out to be both an advantage and a hurt. The localisation resulted in atomization and decentalisation of jurisprudence enforcement. The advantage was geting small national control ( Walker A ; Katz. 2011. p. 24 ) . Peel believed that bar of offense could be accomplished without irrupting into the lives of citizens so he developed the nine rules of community policing. His first construct was the basic mission of constabulary was to forestall offense and upset. The bar of offense makes the occupation easier of the constabulary. Police presence is disincentive. therefore prevents offense from happening. This is the footing for today’s community patroling construct. The populace must besides O.K. of the actions of the constabulary in the public presentation of their responsibilities. The people must work voluntarily with the constabulary in observation of the Torahs to keep public order ( History. 2002 ) . The public must follow voluntarily with the Torahs and work with the constabulary. Most people do what is morally right ; in bend the constabulary besides must make what is legitimately right. The constabulary are directed by the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights to safeguard every citizen’s right from intervention from authorities. These doctrines are still observed today. If a citizen does non O.K. of the behavior of the constabulary. a ailment is filed. If the populace does non hold with a jurisprudence. they work to do alterations. If the populace fails to detect the jurisprudence. there are effects. such an apprehension or a all right. Another construct concerns the usage of physical force to derive conformity. The populace is concerted with the constabulary whereas physical force non need be employed. If conformity is non gained and physical force is required. the force will non be so great as to be considered inordinate ( History. 2002 ) . The Constitution provides rights to the people and protects them from the constabulary in this country. Laws in most provinces specifically write out what is considered force. when and how it can be used. Last. the constabulary are specifically trained in the application of force through agencies of assorted arms and manus to manus combat. This force is non to be inordinate. non to be used as penalty. or in a punitory mode. The force used is that sensible force to consequence and apprehension. to protect oneself or another from decease or great bodily injury. The constabulary serve both the populace and the jurisprudence. they shall non demo nonpartisanship. but to the jurisprudence. The officers are besides members of the populace. Any involvement the populace has would besides be involvement to the constabulary ( History. 2002 ) . In this instance. the officer may come from any background may be either sex or any race. The officer must demo equity to members of other groups and non know apart against those members or members of his or her ain group. The officer shall handle everyone every bit every bit as possible. The constabulary are hired to continue the jurisprudence. at the same clip function the populace. Peel’s theory indicates. when a struggle arises. the service to the jurisprudence should outweigh the public service. This construct is contradictory to today’s patterns. Patroling has become customer service-oriented. where the client is ever right. The officers are members of the populace. when they are in an off responsibility capacity. they are afforded the same rights as any other citizen. However. they should regulate themselves as an solid citizen because they do stand for the jurisprudence. The concluding construct indicates the effectivity of policing is the deficiency of offense and upset. This construct is known as preventive policing. In today’s society. the offenses are non happening where there is a high constabulary presence. So. Peel’s rules are still used to some extent. The demographics have changed since his clip. Peoples and offenses have evolved. People’s values have changed. whereas they are tolerant of certain offenses. The attitudes toward constabularies have changed. In a location where there is a strong constabulary presence. fewer offenses occur. This is consistent with Peel’s construct. However. if the demographics of the vicinity are less desirable. the people of the vicinity indicate the constabulary are prejudiced and do non desire the constabulary in the vicinity. Therefore. more offenses occur in this less protected vicinity. If fewer constabulary are present. the response clip for an officer to an incident is longer because there are fewer officers and more calls. The ratio of officers to calls is higher. In these instances favoritism is blamed for the increased of constabulary presence and the deficiency of it every bit good. The affected parties assume they are discriminated against because more constabularies are in their countries. where more offense occurs. However. when the constabulary are non present. they blame the constabulary for the addition in offense because the constabularies are non present. In decision. most of Sir Robert Peel’s rules can be applied to the organisation of a constabulary section today. In fact. many sections in England still work by his rules. Some demand to be altered to suit today’s society to be more customer friendly. The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights demand to be recognized. every bit good such as the Due Process Clauses to both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments if his rules are applied.

Can Hydrofluoric Acid Disintegrate Bone

Can Hydrofluoric Acid Disintegrate Bone The intriguing pilot of AMCs drama Breaking Bad keeps you tuned in for the second episode, to see what the protagonist, a chemistry teacher named Walt, was going to do. Is it going out on a limb to suspect that most chemistry teachers dont keep big jugs of hydrofluoric acid in their labs? Walt apparently keeps plenty on hand, and use some to aid in disposing of a body. He told his partner-in-crime, Jesse, to use a plastic bin for dissolving the body, but didnt tell him why. When Jesse puts the dead Emilio in a bathtub and adds the acid, he proceeds to dissolve the body, as well as the tub, the floor supporting the tub, and the floor below that. Hydrofluoric acid is corrosive stuff. Hydrofluoric acid attacks the silicon oxide in most types of glass. It also dissolves many metals (not nickel or its alloys, gold, platinum, or silver), and most plastics. Fluorocarbons such as Teflon (TFE and FEP), chlorosulfonated polyethylene, natural rubber, and neoprene all are resistant to hydrofluoric acid. This acid is so corrosive because its fluorine ion is highly reactive. Even so, it is not a strong acid because it does not completely dissociate in water. Dissolving a Body  in Lye Its surprising Walt settled on hydrofluoric acid for his body disposal plan, when the notorious method for dissolving flesh is using a base rather than an acid. A mixture of sodium hydroxide (lye) with water can be used to liquefy dead animals such as farm animals or roadkill (this can obviously also include homicide victims). If the lye mixture is heated to boiling, tissue can be dissolved in a matter of hours. The carcass is reduced to a brownish sludge, leaving only brittle bones. Lye is used to remove clogs in drains, so it could have been poured into a bathtub and rinsed away, plus it is much more readily available than hydrofluoric acid. Another option would have been the potassium form of lye, potassium hydroxide. The fumes from reacting large quantities of either hydrofluoric acid or a hydroxide would have been overwhelming to our buddies from Breaking Bad. People who dissolve bodies in their homes this way would likely become dead bodies themselves. Why the Strongest Acid Wouldnt Work You may be thinking the best way to rid yourself of a corpse is to use the strongest acid you can find. This is because we generally equate strong with corrosive.  However, the measure of an acids strength is its ability to donate protons. The very strongest acids in the world do this without being corrosive. The carborane superacids are over a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid, yet they dont attack human or animal tissue.

Life as a Police Officer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Life as a Police Officer - Research Paper Example This essay will discuss life as a police officer. Qualifications for Police officers Police officers tackle a vast array of issues on a daily basis hence the need for specialized units within the police department. Some of the specialized areas include homicide, traffic, rape, police air wing, special emergency response teams and dog squads, among others. However, police officers are expected to respond to a wide spectrum of situations; even those outside their specialized units, especially in low crime areas as fewer police officer are employed in such areas. In order to qualify as a police officer in the US, one must fulfill a number of requirements, which are based on civil service regulations (DeLattre, p. 27). According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, a potential police officer must be a US citizen, at least 21 years of age, have a clean record (no previous convictions), possess a valid driver’s license and have a minimum high school diploma or equal educational cre dential. However, independent police departments across the country may require more than these basic prerequisites before admitting one into their police force. For instance, some require applicants to have some college education, as well as a psychological profile. For instance, the Philadelphia police department requires applicants seeking officer 1 status to have at least a college education (Willis, p. 18). In addition, in order to qualify as a police officer, one must undergo a reading test where recruits are required to have the ability to read at least ninth grade level. This test is often administered through the Nelson-Denny Reading Test. Physical fitness is of paramount importance in police officers as it is the end factor as to whether or not criminals are caught when in the field. A physical fitness test is performed to confirm that police recruits are physically fit. Here, recruits are required to run for 300 miles, do bench press-ups and sit-ups (DeLattre, p. 33). Off icer Training and actions Once all these requirements are ascertained, recruits undergo psychological evaluation by licensed state psychologists before being admitted to a police training academy where recruits undergo 12 to 14 weeks of training on effective ways of performing police duties such as using firearms, self defense techniques, apprehension techniques, risk assessment and responding to emergencies. At the police academies, recruits also receive basic education on the law. Officer training advocates for among other things, police officer safety, whether a crime is in progress or a civilian becomes a victim; officers’ safety is paramount. Officers’ safety is essential as it enables them to make rational decisions and enhances the performance of their response functions (Levitt, p. 45). When out of the training academies, police officers come to the realization that the principles they learn in academies are quite different from real life experiences in their v arious allocated departments. Different departments have different sets of policies and customs. However, the universal principles of the police force trump those of individual departments. Police officers often encounter hardships after completing their training programs in

Unnecessary care in nursing homes Research Paper

Unnecessary care in nursing homes - Research Paper Example According to a 2006 report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23.5% of nursing home residents were hospitalized for unnecessary reasons. In 2010, the World Health Organization revealed that up to 17% of the imaging services prescribed for nursing home residents are unnecessary. This review documents literature on the different aspects of unnecessary care in nursing homes. Ouslander & Berenson (2011) researched on how to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations among nursing home residents. Their study sought to answer the research question of the ways of reducing unnecessary hospitalizations of nursing home residents. The study used a descriptive study design. They found that on-call physicians who are not familiar with the conditions of nursing home residents send them for x-rays that cost Medicare up to $ 10,000 when they would have cost $ 200 only. They concluded that on-call nurse practitioners who visit nursing homes regularly can help reduce misdiagnosis on the conditions of nursing home residents further reducing unnecessary hospitalization among of these residents. Rollin et al (1997) investigated the necessity of imaging services in nursing homes. This was an analysis that sampled individuals who had ever been residents of nursing homes. It sought an answer to the question of whether there are imaging services that are unnecessary. The study found that twenty five percent of all (electrocardiographic services) EKGs conducted in nursing homes in the United States in 1994 in were unnecessary. This cost Medicare a total of $ 8.4 million all of which could have gone to other medically necessary procedures. These authors found that physicians can order for and interpret EKGs for selfish reasons. They concluded that physicians should be checked whether they routinely bill for unnecessary care services. Ashcraft and Champion (2012) investigated the symptomatology that makes physicians

Review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review paper - Essay Example The Race Myth written by Graves’ centers on crucial matters of racism in the American community. He presents in the book that American consider immigrants lazy and have genetic inheritance that affect their well-being. They even felt that these African Americans needed to work harder in order to save themselves as they did (Graves 122). He noted in his book that the Americans did not consider the African American oppression when giving these opinions about them. According to Graves, the American society provides support for racial oppression in the American society, and it is through racial discrimination that the African American experience health disparities (122). He felt that most African Americans still consider that there is some genetic legitimacy within the society that contributes to racial discrimination. However, this is not true because racism only emanates as a result of societal stereotypes. In this book, the author wants the readers to understand that racism is a socially developed concept aimed at overpowering African Americans instead of a genetic experience that explains racial differences in the society (Graves 123). Racial discrimination was started by the Europeans who made it extend in their communities. They accepted the concept of racial order that was widespread during that time. According to the author, the constructed racial discrimination helped the Europeans to control the continent (Graves 123). He presents a strong concept against biological arguments concerning racial discrimination because of genetic factors. Graves mainly points out social factors that contribute to racial discrimination, and he believes that only two percent of genetic interferences can contribute to genetic difference (124). Grave also questions the concept that there are genetic specific drugs for specific racial group

John Steinbecks cannery Row - explore Steinbeck's use through the Essay

John Steinbecks cannery Row - explore Steinbeck's use through the novel of Taoist ideas as represented in the excerpts supplied - Essay Example and people, Steinbeck’s novel raised awareness of the values of Taoism, in which non-action, non-materialism, self-knowledge and flexibility made for true contentment. As Number 11 stated, â€Å"It is the space within that makes it useful† and this aptly describes the book and the writer’s skills, as he â€Å"let the stories crawl in by themselves† (Steinbeck, Intro.) This essay will examine the characters and significant events, relating these to the tenets of Taoism, and contending that it was indeed Steinbeck’s aim to share and enlighten with this novel. By opening the stories with Lee Chong’s shop, Steinbeck created an immediate psychological link to Chinese culture, beliefs and the Tao. The link was confirmed and extended, when through Lee Chong, Mack and the boys emerged; â€Å"Mack and his friends approached contentment casually, quietly and absorbed it gently† (Steinbeck 9), reflecting Number 48 of the Tao. His dealings with them in allowing for the creation of the Palace Flophouse, showed â€Å"Yielding is the way of the Tao†. (40) and â€Å"Yield and overcome† (22). His actions resulted in a balanced win-win situation; he had customers, caretakers and defenders of his property, while Mack and his friends had a home. Steinbeck further related Lee Chong to the Tao by suggesting â€Å"..perhaps he is evil balanced and held by good† (11), and Mack and the boys he linked thus to Number 22: â€Å"Mack and the boys are the Beauties, the Virtues, the Graces† (Steinbeck 11). In two short chapters, Cannery Row and many of its important players began to come alive, and the significant places, the shop and the flophouse were established. In the wider society of the time, these places and people would seem of little value, b ut in fact, they reflected the concepts in Number 39, that â€Å"the low is the foundation of the high† and â€Å"Too much success is not an advantage†. The imagery, atmosphere and lyricism present in Chapter 2, combined to bring Cannery

HRD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRD - Case Study Example s in which the acquired companies used when going into market but also rethinking how various business parts could be integrated on a global perspective. Specifically, Mr. Grunewald required finishing market research so that the organization can acquire adequate information prior to entering the market, simplifying the existing production design, rationalizing the distribution channels, and most importantly overcoming regional differences. The company’s recent improvements were the result of a commitment that was met. This involved a four-part strategy that concentrated the organization’s resources as well as energies on a clear set of objectives. These objectives incorporated building the organization’s core profitability, strengthening its management, broadening the returns, and improving returns on equity. Through application of such managerial aspects, the organization’s direction was reversed from the verge of collapse due to customer dissatisfaction and tarnished reputation to a global power surpassing most of its previous performance records. The organization’s current performance is being driven by several factors. First, the urge to re-establish its reputation and its market share in the global perspective is pushing the organization to shift the mode of thinking from the local perspective to global. Second, competition in most segments of the local market has also pushed the organization to improve its practices and focus on bigger and broader opportunities in the global arena. Black & Decker has taken the issue of competition seriously to the point that it has even reverse engineered some of the competitor’s products to manufacture better products with respect to technology and security. One of the strengths include that the proposal had accounted for the major aspects that would be essential to establish the organization in the projected markets. The proposal had catered for communication among the branches and established an idea of the

Employees in an International Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employees in an International Market - Essay Example As Groenewald (2009) states, â€Å"staffing, training, compensation, and performance management are basically important tools in the human resources practices† (p. 1). In this paper, we will examine the functions of human resource department in managing employees in an international marketplace. Most Critical Human Resource Functions To manage employees in an international marketplace, the human resource department of a company needs to execute some critical functions. These functions not only ensure a smooth running of business processes but also help a company achieve its corporate goals and objectives effectively and efficiently. Some of the most important HR functions in this regard include aligning recruitment process with corporate objectives, starting programs for employee training and development, and increasing employee motivation. Let us discuss these functions in some details to know their significance for a better management of employees. Aligning Recruitment with Corporate Objectives One of the main roles of the HR department is to align the employee recruitment process with the overall strategy of the company in order to build an inspired and productive workforce. Employee selection is one of those functions that are critical to ensuring a company’s success. It is the responsibility of the HR department of a company to recruit such people, who can prove themselves productive for the company through their skills, talent, and knowledge. A skilled and experienced employee is a key towards the success of a company. Therefore, global HR managers look for such people who can give improved performances and can ensure high levels of profits for the company through their performances. In today’s competitive world, recruiting and forming a diverse workforce...This paper stresses that employee training also plays a valuable role in ensuring long-term profitability of a company. Therefore, HR professionals put their efforts in investing i n employee training and development programs to improve the individual performances of employees as well as to increase an overall organizational productivity. Employee training and development also help in creating a pool of suitable replacements for the employees who either resign from their jobs or get promotions within the company, hence, leaving their positions available for other suitable candidates. Employee motivation is the combination of employees’ job-related behaviors, the level of efforts employees exert, and the employees’ level of determination. Companies are at risk of facing many setbacks with a lower level of employee motivation.This report makes a conclusion that effective human resource management is one of the most important factors that determine the success of a company in local and international markets. The main functions of the human resource department in managing employees in an international marketplace include strategic employee selection and recruitment, developing effective employee training programs, and increasing employee motivation to meet corporate goals and objectives. Some of the main outcomes of focusing on employee management in broader terms include selective and strategy-oriented recruitment of employees, improved organizational performance, improved business efficiency, and formation of a skilled workforce which is able to meet the requirements of the international business environment.

HRD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRD - Case Study Example s in which the acquired companies used when going into market but also rethinking how various business parts could be integrated on a global perspective. Specifically, Mr. Grunewald required finishing market research so that the organization can acquire adequate information prior to entering the market, simplifying the existing production design, rationalizing the distribution channels, and most importantly overcoming regional differences. The company’s recent improvements were the result of a commitment that was met. This involved a four-part strategy that concentrated the organization’s resources as well as energies on a clear set of objectives. These objectives incorporated building the organization’s core profitability, strengthening its management, broadening the returns, and improving returns on equity. Through application of such managerial aspects, the organization’s direction was reversed from the verge of collapse due to customer dissatisfaction and tarnished reputation to a global power surpassing most of its previous performance records. The organization’s current performance is being driven by several factors. First, the urge to re-establish its reputation and its market share in the global perspective is pushing the organization to shift the mode of thinking from the local perspective to global. Second, competition in most segments of the local market has also pushed the organization to improve its practices and focus on bigger and broader opportunities in the global arena. Black & Decker has taken the issue of competition seriously to the point that it has even reverse engineered some of the competitor’s products to manufacture better products with respect to technology and security. One of the strengths include that the proposal had accounted for the major aspects that would be essential to establish the organization in the projected markets. The proposal had catered for communication among the branches and established an idea of the

NA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NA - Essay Example Blanchard, Ken Blanchard (Author) †º Visit Amazon's Ken Blanchard Page Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author Are you an author? Learn about Author Central Zigarmi and Patricia Zigarmi (Author) †º Visit Amazon's Patricia Zigarmi Page Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author Are you an author? Learn about Author Central Drea categorized the different types of people in four classes, according to their level of competence and commitment. The categorization is as follows: C1: These employees show low levels of skills but high level of commitment. These individuals are highly motivated therefore they cooperate and show eagerness to improve their skills. They take directions in a very positive and productive manner. C2: These employees possess reasonable level of skills, however, not enough to take the responsibility of the task independently. It might be a new task or nature of work for them but they show willingness to do the work. C3: Such employees possess high levels of skills and are very experienced in their line of work. However, they lack the confidence to take responsibility of the task independently. C4: These types of employees are very skilled and confident enough to take the whole responsibility of tasks on their own shoulders. ... styles of leadership for the management of different types of individuals (depending on their level of commitment and expertise): Directing: The roles are defined for the subordinates by the leader and the tasks are explained to them. The tasks are monitored very closely for their precision and accuracy. The leader has full power to make decisions therefore minimal suggestions are taken from the subordinates. Coaching: The leader is responsible for the definition of roles and tasks. However, the leader takes suggestions from the subordinates in the decision making process. Supporting: The decisions are made with mutual consent (between the subordinates and the leader) about the approaches that should be followed in the execution of tasks. More control is with the individuals who actually perform the task. Delegating: The leader participates in the decision making processes, however, the extent and time of his participation is decided by the subordinate. The subordinates (who are assi gned the work) have full control over the tasks. 2. Utilization of the Information in the Practical Field The book highlights an important aspect of leadership that is often ignored in the organizations; the match between the leadership style of the leader with the maturity level of his group members. Productivity can only be witnessed if the tasks and roles that are assigned by the leader fall under the competence level of the subordinates. The reader of the book gains useful knowledge about the different styles of leadership that seem to be simple enough to be practiced in real life. The authors have given simple explanations and details about the situational leadership theory that can be grasped and adapted by readers in an effective manner. The first step in the application of this

Idea Of Chivalry And Double Jeopardy Criminology Essay

Idea Of Chivalry And Double Jeopardy Criminology Essay The purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to deliver justice to all, by protecting innocent members of the society, to punish and convict criminals and to provide help to them in an attempt to stop them offending; at least that is what the society expects of the Criminal Justice System. It is supposed to deliver justice in a fair manner regardless of gender. However much is written that suggests otherwise. Chivalry, believed by Pollak (1960) is a theory which claims that women are treated in a less harsh way by the courts and prisons because of their nature as women, which then distorts criminal statistics. However, Gregory Leonard (1982/83) disregard the chivalry factor as the cause of a gender gap in crime and Heidensohn (1985 cited in Jewkes and Letherby 2002 p.180) illustrates the theory of chivalry in a case reported in the Daily Mirror in January 1978 where a mother flogged her eight-year old son with a belt, gave him cold baths and forced him to stand naked for hours at night. The mother was jailed but later allowed to go freely because the courts said she needed to look after her other child. This case is a great illustration of how women are more favoured by the courts than men. This view can be seen as ideological and unsociological as it is based on female biology. Carmen (1983 cited in Jewkes and Letherby 2002 p.183) quotes sherrifs if she is a good mother we dont want to take her away. If shes not it doesnt really matter. This shows that the sentencing of a woman is based on her nurturing nature being of good standard or otherwise. A Home office study research 170, titled Understanding the sentencing of women was a study which made an effort to address the lack of extensive research into the way women are sentenced. The main aim of the study was to establish how the Magistrates go about taking account of the substantive differences in mens and womens lives and their perceptions of justice. The study was in two parts, in part 1 a test carried out suggested that women were less likely than comparable males to receive a prison sentence but they were more likely to be discharged or sentenced to a community penalty. However it was suggested that instead of the findings being interpreted as a general policy of leniency towards women, it should rather be seen that the sentencers may be reluctant to fine a woman possibly because they may be penalising her children, rather than just herself. This may have been all well and good if it were the days when majority of women still upheld their stereotypical domestic role as mothers and keepers of the home. It is part of family ideology that a womans place is in the home, while a mans task is to out to work to earn the money to support his wife and children (Allan, G 1999, p.191). However, we now live in a society where women are now bread winners, house hold duties are also taken on by men, women divorce their husbands for one reason or the other and consequently leaving the children behind for the father to take care of them. The Criminal Justice System might not take into account when sentencing men, that some of them are actually both mother and father to the children and carry out the role of the mother. In part 2 of the study nearly 200 Magistrates were interviewed; the Magistrates said they found it difficult to compare their sentencing between men and women because they dealt with female offenders less frequently. Nonetheless, they distinguished between troubled and troublesome and tended to locate most women in the troubled category. It was par tly because women tended to be first offenders, facing less serious charges than men and because they behaved more respectfully in court. The Magistrates went on to say that because they regarding women offenders as troubled, they responded to their offending with measures (a discharge or probation) designed to assist them to lead law abiding lives rather than punishing them. In an article by Jason Bennetto in The Independent, it is said that more women are committing violent crimes, particularly street robbery, burglary and fighting, and that part of the problem believed to be causing this is the result of neglect, abuse and drug or alcohol addiction. According to a report, Crimes of Desperation 2008, a significant amount of crime committed by females is rooted in poverty. As much as poverty may be the driving force for some, others may simply be using the money they have to fund their drug and alcohol use and subsequently turning to crime to further fund their tendencies. A Survey of over 1,000 mothers in prison, appears to provide some support for this report, 54% said they had no money, 38% needed to support their children, 35% were on drugs or alcoholics, 33% had family problems and 33%had no job. Caddle and Crisp (1997 cited in Newburn, T 2007 p.809) It was argued firstly by Freda Adler and later Rita Simon that female crime rates had been increasing rapidly in the late 80s and early 1970s and that they were changing their offending patterns to more masculine styles; it was due to the growth of the modern womens movement. (Maguire, M. Morgan, R. Reiner, R. 2012) In an empirical research looking at whether men and women offend for similar reasons, it was in relation to property crime that women featured most heavily in, which led to some commentators arguing that many women became involved in criminal activity for mostly to provide for children or family in circumstances where there are limited legitimate opportunities. (Newburn, T. 2007) The point is that female delinquents are not perceived to be merely adopting behaviour more usually associated with males, they are portrayed as being chromosomally or genetically abnormal. This means that the treatment of such o ¬Ã¢â€š ¬enders becomes justi ¬Ã‚ able, the aims, intentionality and rationality of the deviant act are overlooked and the social and cultural conditions under which the act took place can be relegated to the vague status of environ- mental factors whose only role is to occasionally trigger the inherent path- ology of the deviant. Crime and delinquency can thereby be treated as an individual, not social, phenomenon Smart (n.d) An alternative view to that of chivalry is double jeopardy. Heidensohn (1985) suggesting that female offenders are subjected to double jeopardy, meaning that when they are on trial, they are not only on trial for the crime they committed but also also for their femininity. Also, if any, female offenders are penalized for their sexual misconduct, while the male counterparts are not. Therefore the courts operate a double standard for female offenders. Womens low share of recorded criminality has significant consequences for those women who do offend: they are seen to have transgressed not only social norms but gender norms as well. As a result they may, especially when informal sanctions are being taken into account, feel that they are doubly punished. (Maguire, M. Morgan, R. Reiner, R. 2012) In murder cases, women get tougher sentences than men do, because in most cases the murder is premeditated. The case of R v Ahluwalia (1992) is about a woman who was being sexually abused, bullied and violently abused by her husband. After 10 years of abuse, she decided shed had enough and she poured petrol over her husbands body and set fire to him, six days later he died. She was convicted of murder because according S.3 of the Homicide act 1957 there must be a sudden and temporary loss of self-control which she did not possess at the time she killed her husband. It was seen as pre meditated because the abuse took place over 10 years. The defendant was then sentenced to life imprisonment, but was later released. Another case is the one of Zoorah Shah who was given a life sentence for killing her boyfriend by putting arsenic in his food. The courts did not take into account the fact that she was beaten regularly and exploited by her boyfriend to be prostitute. These cases are a majo r contrast to the case of David Hampson: a man smashed the head of his wife with a hammer and killed her. His reason for the murder was that his wife had nagged him for years. The judge accepted his reason as a reasonable excuse to be provoked to kill someone. He was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to six years. Looking at these cases it shows the practicality of women being subjected to double jeopardy. It seems that these women are not only being punished for their crime but also because of their biological nature. Also, it seems to show that the courts believe that it is more acceptable for a man to lose his temper as opposed to a woman, because a womans nature is meant to be submissive, calm and rational. Some would say that women should not be aggressive as it is not in their nature. Womens nature should not be a deciding factor when sentencing, if particular sentence is rightly appropriate and deserved then it should be served. If the leniency on women offenders keeps being applied, it only means they wont learn their lesson and will not be deterred in the future to committing crime again. According to a report published in 2010 in the BBC news, statistics showed that re-offending rates by women went up by four times that for men by 16.4%, compared with 4.2%.

The Basic Dilemma Of The Artist :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The psychophysical problem is long standing and, probably, intractable. We have a corporeal body. It is a physical entity, subject to all the laws of physics. Yet, we experience ourselves, our internal lives, external events in a manner which provokes us to postulate the existence of a corresponding, non-physical ontos, entity. This corresponding entity ostensibly incorporates a dimension of our being which, in principle, can never be tackled with the instruments and the formal logic of science. A compromise was proposed long ago : the soul is nothing but our self awareness or the way that we experience ourselves. But this is a flawed solution. It is flawed because it assumes that the human experience is uniform, unequivocal and identical. It might well be so - but there is no methodologically rigorous way of proving it. We have no way to objectively ascertain that all of us experience pain in the same manner or that pain that we experience is the same in all of us. This is even when the causes of the sensation are carefully controlled and monitored. A scientist might say that it is only a matter of time before we find the exact part of the brain which is responsible for the specific pain in our gedankenexperiment. Moreover, will add our gedankenscientist, in due course, science will even be able to demonstrate a monovalent relationship between a pattern of brain activity in situ and the aforementioned pain. In other words, the scientific claim is that the patterns of brain activity ARE the pain itself. Such an argument is, prima facie, inadmissible. The fact that two events coincide (even if they do so forever) does not make them identical. The serial occurrence of two events does not make one of them the cause and the other the effect, as is well known. Similarly, the contemporaneous occurrence of two events only means that they are correlated. A correlate is not an alter ego. It is not an aspect of the same event. The brain activity is what appears WHEN pain happens - it by no means follows that it IS the pain itself. A stronger argument would crystallize if it was convincingly and repeatedly demonstrated that playing back these patterns of brain activity induces the same pain. Even in such a case, we would be talking about cause and effect rather than identity of pain and its correlate in the brain.

Performing at the Globe Essay -- Shakespeare Description Place Essays

Performing at the Globe I recently had the extreme good fortune to do a one-week residency at Shakespeare's Globe in London, rehearsing and performing in the First Quarto version of Hamlet with the University of Texas Shakespeare at Winedale Program. Our experience there, working in the theatre and watching the Globe company perform, taught us much about the staging challenges of an Elizabethan playhouse, as well as the invigorating possibilities of such a stage for actors and audiences. The First Quarto Hamlet project was set up by James B. Ayres, of the University of Texas at Austin, and Patrick Spottiswoode, of the Globe Education department. The Globe, which opened two years ago, was intended to function both as a theatre for professional performances and as a laboratory for learning. Accordingly, Spottiswoode invited Ayres, a Texas English professor, to bring some of his students to work on the 1603 First Quarto, the earliest published version of Hamlet. The First Quarto, or Q1, is probably an actor's memorial reconstruction of the play as adapted for performance, and its lean, fast-paced text seemed a good choice for exploring the staging possibilities of the Globe. After performing the play once at Winedale on August 15, Ayres' twelve students came to London for a week of work at the Globe, culminating in a performance for an invited audience on August 31. I had been associate director of Shakespeare at Winedale for the summer, and was added to the Hamlet comp any in London to take on the role of the Ghost. Shakespeare at Winedale is an English department summer program, founded by Ayres twenty-eight years ago, wherein students explore Shakespeare through an intensive experience of performance. A group of studen... ...al realities for us, figured in the very architecture of the building. It was this sense of the rightness of the space, the congruity of these words and actions with this physical world, that was perhaps the most valuable lesson of our time in the Globe. I had had my doubts about the Globe ever since I saw the initial, unsatisfactory Two Gentlemen of Verona in the prologue season of 1996; the stage was too big, the atmosphere to artificial, the actors unable to cope with the physical demands of the building. Yet striding onto that stage, feeling the embrace of those galleries, hearing the ringing clarity with which the wooden O gave us back Shakespeare's words (or some of them, in the case of Q1)--this experience convinced me of the value of the Globe, not only as a theatre but as a testing ground for our ideas about what Shakespearean performance was, and can be.

Personal and Imaginative – Waiting Room

I stepped up cautiously to the tiny speaker, where I reluctantly pressed the call button. The high-pitched mechanical sounding voice of the receptionist asked me to enter. She led me into a room that was painted in fluorescent yellow. Don't copy this coursework you rat. After scanning the room thoroughly for thirty seconds to look for somewhere to sit, I saw a squashed corner between a large woman and a damp, frayed wall. My ears started to twitch; they could hear the dentist calling out complex numbers to the nurse who scratched her sharp pen on the desk. My whole body shivered from the cold draft that swept in like a horde of rats scurrying through an open door. Don't copy this coursework you rat. I saw a leather chair, which repelled me instantly and made me cringe because it reminded me of what I would be tilted back onto soon. I waited impatiently for the nurse to call out my name; the war between the dentist and me desperately needed to be over soon. I leant over and fiddled with my hands. There was also an old man Don't copy this coursework you rat. who seemed very tense, my eyes fixed upon him for a short moment and discovered small droplets of sweat forming on his bald head. As I leant backwards, my eyes started to shut. However, the sudden blow of air from an extractor fan woke me abruptly and I pushed my cold hands under my thighs to keep them warm. Don't copy this coursework you rat. I looked up at the clock, ticking almost as loud as the road drill I passed on the way here, my time was due. The shock made me sit up swiftly, trying to look confident and ready, the nurse came in, pointed at me and Don't copy this coursework you rat. said, ‘you're next. ‘ This made me slouch over in distress. Rising from this back aching position, I walked over to the room. This overjoye Don't copy this coursework you rat. d, bewildered man greeted me; my mind wondered why he was so happy; was it the pain he is going to inflict upon me? Or the slaughter he put the previous person into? ‘Usual check-up? ‘ After giving a faint nod as he glared over at me. Smelling for the usual, cheap soap smell that covered the room was Don't copy this coursework you rat. normal, no one could miss the filthy stench; the flavour of the soap settled in my mouth and under my tongue, making me pull a crooked face. The phone rang in the background, I thought to myself that I could be ‘saved by the bell' but the wretched receptionist, who bought me into this hellhole, answered it. The merciless dentist started to fill my mouth with his heap load of ironmongery, he jabbed at my gums, poked at my teeth, knocked them around and worst of all, took a needle, sharp as a newly p Don't copy this coursework you rat. olished, murderer's knife, and pushed it on my gums. I gave a gasp of pain and shot up, knocking the junk out of his hands, spitting violently like a hailstorm Don't copy this coursework you rat. nto the sink beside me as blood trickled from the centre of my large tooth. I turned to him, with a face full of hatred, but his only tactle Don't copy this coursework you rat. ss answer was, ‘sensitive teeth? ‘ At this point, my rage was taken over by my fear, as I leant backwards and signalled a sign for him to continue. I asked myself, dentists must be sadists†¦ As he fished around in my mouth, I noticed the old, damp ceiling, where the brown water rings were poorly covered up by harrowing posters of gum disease and pictures of peoples teeth who just so happened to have unsightly cavities across their mouths. I tried not to stare at the pictures for too long. To distract myself from the continuous Don't copy this coursework you rat. throbbing of my gums, after being brutally stabbed by, I fiddled with my hands, I scraped the leather chair I was in, and an extremely high pitched sound came out, I gave a slight shudder and just left my hands to lay beside me. It felt like a whole hour had passed by, but when I looked at the clock it had only been twelve minutes and 43 seconds to be exact. I starte Don't copy this coursework you rat. d to feel uncomfortable sitting and waiting for this building work to be completed. The man took put a small tool, and slowly turned on a switch, which started up the extractor fan. This suddenly reminded me of how it startled me earlier, this small machine seemed to clean and suck up dirt from Don't copy this coursework you rat. my mouth. However, all I saw it do was dry up the insides of my mouth and make me want to shut my mouth to Don't copy this coursework you rat. re-hydrate it. He switched the machine off and I sighed with relief because he convinced Don't copy this coursework you rat. me that the deed was over. No more for another six months was the usual occurrence. To my surprise he walked out of the room after, and mumbled something serious to the receptionist. He came back in and told me, ‘you must see me again ne Don't copy this coursework you rat. xt week, I have to remove some dead teeth that are softening your gums,' at the point where he said, ‘remove,' I instantly felt a heat wave pass through my head feeling like the sun had just burnt through my skull. I could not argue, there was nothing to say apart from, ‘have a nice day. ‘ My e Don't copy this coursework you rat. yes bounced up and down rapidly thinking of someway to get out of more, grievous harm to my mouth. My mind wondered what I had done to deserve this Don't copy this coursework you rat. unfair treatment, but then I remembered the nights of not brushing my teeth and date with a packet of wine gums and once, only once, for a whole week, forgetting to buy that toothpaste. I tried to escape the tooth prison without arranging a time for the next appointment. But no, with my extremely bad luck, I w Don't copy this coursework you rat. as ‘saved Don't copy this coursework you rat. ‘ by the dentist†¦ ‘You have to ask Miss Sassin here for an appointment date and time. Instead of making my anger obvious, I tried to put a silent curse on him and wished that he is run over on the way home. However, all I heard was ‘ask the assassin to point to the teeth she may kill. ‘ I was forced to make a date and time, on the spot. I declined all open appointments left between the next day and three months later, after that, the od Don't copy this coursework you rat. d pens ioner had booked their abnormal 7am appointments, but the rest were free, so there was no hope in begging to be excused any more. In 4 months, I was back, there to serve my time for committing the crime.

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay

One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.