Research process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exploration process - Essay Example Stage 2: Collection of optional information: - The subsequent stage that will be followed in this setting of the investigation is assortment of auxiliary information. In this viewpoint pertinent auxiliary information can be utilized. For instance information from other travel offices with respect to their extraordinary visit bundles can be gathered to fill the need. The auxiliary exploration must be conveyed to know the realities, for example, the visitor goal that will have the option to give settlement to individuals handicap. The optional examination can be likewise about offices required for a debilitated individual. Stage 3: Once the optional information is gathered, the following stage is to gather the essential information. In this viewpoint among subjective and quantitative type of examination, subjective exploration must be utilized. It is on the grounds that the objective gathering is little in numbers and consequently the necessary respondents will be additionally less. The example will be 5-10 handicapped individuals. The information will be gathered through perception strategy as it is the most ideal way. Through perception strategy the examples and issues of the debilitates will be distinguished and likewise the attributes can be

The Catcher In The Rye Essays (721 words) - Literary Realism

The Catcher in the Rye In J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, the main individual portrayal is basic in helping the peruser to know and comprehend the fundamental character, Holden Caulfield. Holden, in his portrayal, relates a flashback of a critical time of his life, three days what's more, evenings all alone in New York City. Through his portrayal, Holden uncovers to the peruser his deepest contemplations and emotions. He in this way furnishes the peruser not just with data of what happened, yet additionally how he felt about what occurred. Holden's contemplations and thoughts uncover a significant number of his character qualities. One late Saturday night, four days before the start of school get-away, Holden is separated from everyone else, exhausted and anxious, pondering what to do. He chooses to leave Pencey, his school, without a moment's delay and goes to New York via train. He concludes that, once in New York, he will remain in a modest inn until Wednesday, when he is to return home. His arrangement shows the peruser how careless he is and how he follows up spontaneously. He is unreasonable, imagining that he has a idiot proof arrangement, despite the fact that the degree of he will probably take a room in an inn.., and simply relax till Wednesday. Holden's unnecessary musings on death are not commonplace of most young people. His close to fixation on death may originate from having experienced two passings in his initial life. He continually harps on Allie, his brother's, demise. From Holden's musings, it is self-evident that he adores and misses Allie. So as to clutch his sibling what's more, to limit the torment of his misfortune, Holden brings Allie's baseball glove alongside him any place he goes. The glove has extra importance and essentialness for Holden on the grounds that Allie had composed verse, which Holden peruses, on the baseball glove. Holden's distraction with death can be found in his thought of a dead colleague, James Castle. It outlines for the peruser something Holden that he loans his turtleneck sweater to this colleague, with whom he isn't at all nearby. Holden's sentiments about individuals uncover a greater amount of his positive attributes. He continually calls individuals fakes, even his sibling, D.B., who has sold out to Hollywood. Although annoying, his apparently negative sentiments show that Holden is a reasoning and breaking down, blunt person who esteems trustworthiness and truthfulness. He is unmoved with individuals who attempt to glance great in other's eyes. Consequently, since clearly Holden is splendid, the explanation for his failing out of school would appear to be from an absence of intrigue. Holden has solid sentiments of adoration towards youngsters as confirm through his thinking about Phoebe, his younger sibling. He is defensive of her, eradicating awful words from the dividers in her school what's more, in a historical center, all together that she not gain from the spray painting. His affection for youngsters can be deduced when he discloses to her that, sooner or later, he needs to be the main adult with all these little children playing some game in this enormous field of rye what not. He'll remain on the edge of a precipice and catch anyone who begins to tumble off the edge of the bluff. He got this picture from his distortion of a line from the Robert Burns sonnet, if a body get a body comin' through the rye. At the point when circumstances are portrayed, face to face or in a book, they are impacted by the person who portrays them, and by their recognitions and encounters. Through Holden's looks of his considerations and emotions, the peruser sees an adolescent, touchy to his environmental factors, who decides to manage life in one of a kind ways. Holden is real, unconstrained, scientific, attentive, and touchy, as confirm by his portrayal. Like most young people, sentiments about individuals and connections are regularly at the forefront of his thoughts. Lamentably, in Holden's case, he appears to anticipate the most exceedingly awful, accepting that the aftereffect of drawing near to individuals is torment. Torment when others dismiss you or torment when they leave you, for example, when a companion strolls off or a dearest sibling kicks the bucket. It would not have been conceivable to feel Holden's sentiments or comprehend his musings

And so it is

And so it is… I am born! (Or rather, my blog is born.) This is (virtually) my first blog post ever! I hope you enjoy following my adventures in MIT Admissions. For an introduction on me, you can check out my introduction blurb. To kick off my new blog, I thought Id do some blogging from the road, with some day in the lifes, similar to others that have been done in previous years (see left-hand column of the the road link). So feel free to follow along on my six weeks of adventures in Michigan, Texas, Seattle, and New York City! Michigan My first stop is Southeast Michigan the place where I grew up! I decided to start the trip early and hang out with the fam for a bit, so I flew home a week early. We went up north for Labor Day weekend. [SIDEBAR: for those that arent familiar with the great state of Michigan, Michigan has two peninsulas the upper peninsula (known as the UP pronounced you pee, not up as in the direction) and the lower peninsula (I dont think Ive ever heard this called the LP or any shorter name I dont know why). If you live in southern part of the lower peninsula, going up north usually refers to either a) going to the northern part of the lower peninsula, or b) going to the UP. In my case its choice A.] On the 4-hour drive up, we stopped at Taco Bell (mmmmsoft tacos), and finally arrived at my parents cabin around 3pm. We then watched the Michigan football game for a bit, and then went to dinner with some family friends. After dinner, we played some Wii (my Mom recently got a Wii at her retirement party), and headed to bed. The next day, we slept in, and went to a late brunch at one of my favorite local restaurants, Toonies. (OMG I didnt even know they had a website!) After that, my Mom wanted to go [blueberry/raspberry/peach/nectarine/apricot/some other in-season fruit] picking at a nearby orchard, so we quickly drove over to King Orchards. All the blueberries were picked for the season, and we didnt want to pick prickly raspberries, so we went for the peaches and nectarines. Theres Mom and Sis bein silly. Only $15 for a half-bushel! We also bought a bag of fresh apricots. We also bought some yummy (real) cherry soda. (Sorry, I dont have a picture of that!) Its too bad it wasnt later in the season, or we couldve started picking apples. I love apple picking. After that we headed to a local golf course called The Farm to play some late-day golf. Here are just a few of the pictures I took of the scenery: The area, like Vermont and New Hampshire, has some of the most beautiful foliage in the Fall. Unfortunately, most of the trees havent started turning colors yet. Sad face. After dinner, we watched this Japanese movie (with English subtitles) about this little girl and her family who rescued a dog off the street. The dog had babies, and then there was a big earthquake. Without spoiling the movie (because Im sure youre going to somehow figure out which movie this is based on a 2-sentence plot description and no title), the dog tries to help rescue the family in Lassie-style fashion. My sister bawled her eyes out. Her husband (my brother-in-law) and I made fun of her. She smacked us. My Mom recently bought Wii Fit, so after the movie, we played that for a while sooo addicting. But at least youre exercising while you play! I found out that I am horrible at yoga The next day, we drove back home, stopping at Toonies for another late brunch before heading out on the road. All in all, it was a fun and relaxing weekend. Anyways, theres a brief synopsis of my adventures up north while at home in Michigan. Ill write more soon with a recap of my meeting in Ann Arbor, as well as my recent escapades in Houston P.S. Can you guess the song that the title of this entry comes from? The subtitle is also a (altered) clue. As often as I can, Ill be taking lyrics from some of my favorite songs and using them as blog entry titles (inspired by/stolen from Sam, although I probably will not be able to pull it off as cleverly or interestingly as he did). Solution to come in the next entry.

Brand History Ysl - 1250 Words

Brand History Founded by: Yves Saint Laurent and his partner Pierre Bergà © Chief Designer: 1. Yves Saint Laurent 1962-2002 The Day of Birth: August 1, 1936 The Day of death: June 1, 2008 Reputation: He is considered by many of the worlds best- dressed people to be the inventor of modern fashion. Besides that, he is seen as the last of a generation of clothes designers that made the Rive Gauche (French for Left Bank of the Seine River in Paris) home to the most talented fashion designers in the world. These designers include Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, and Hubert de Givenchy -- all people who helped make Paris the international capital of fashion. CAREER: 1. Saint Laurent got his big break when he was only 17 years†¦show more content†¦He was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche a |name. He was also the first designer to use black models in his catwalk shows. Among St. Laurents muses were Loulou de La Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish fashion model, Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat and wife of a French decorator, Talitha Pol-Getty, who died of drug overdose in 1971, and Catherine Deneuve, the iconic French actress. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 80s was London socialite millionairess Diane Boulting-Casserley Vandelli, making the brand ever more popular amongst the -European jet-set and upper classes. In 1993, the Saint-Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi for approximately $600,000,000. In the 1998-1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, currently of Lanvin, designed 3 ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Bergà © appointed Hedi Slimane as Collections and art Director in 1997, and they relaunched YSL Rive Gauche Homme. Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house 2 years later. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the ready-to-wear collection while Saint-Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of poor health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, criticisms of YSL designs, Saint-Laurent closed the illustrious couture house of YSL.Show MoreRelatedCase Study on Yves Saint Laurent1303 Words   |  6 Pages it is possible for YSL to double its profit within three years. The upsides of the change are a 150-percent increase in profit and strong brand awareness in a niche segment whose profile will be described in details hereafter. On the other hand, there are downside risks, including high possibility that Louis Vuitton, Tods and Bulgari will attempt to replicate YSL products since they are close to the targeted positioning as well (See Appendix A). The specific goals for YSL in the next 3 years includeRead MoreFrom Ysl to Saint Laurent Paris4384 Words   |  18 Pagesessay is to take part in a discussion about the interrelation of fashion, marketing and art. Focusing on the Yves Saint Laurent brand and its creative work, the essay attempts to explore the marketing strategy, sources of inspiration and communication system. The first chapter is about the brand’s heritage and its image, which are the basics to the introduction of a brand analysis for understanding its story and lifestyle. There is also an analysis of the artistic factors that inspired Yves SaintRead MoreGucci Case Study12528 Words   |  51 Pageshis mind. Over the past five years, De Sole, whose geniality cloaked a steely will, had led the effort to transform a moribund brand into a billion-dollar company whose goods were coveted by affluent, style- conscious customers around the world. (See Exhibit 1.) Now he sensed that Gucci might be pushing up agains t limits to further growth. †If you really are an exclusive brand, you can’t grow beyond a certain point,† he explained. â€Å"Nobody knows where that point is, but there is a limit to the numberRead MoreBurberry Analysis of the Competitive Environment1014 Words   |  5 Pages4. History of Burberry Burberry was founded in 1856 by Thomas Burberry in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. Burberry brand is defined by its Britishness, authentic outerwear heritage and is globally recognised by the iconic trench coat, trademark check and Prorsum horse logo. The 156-yearold company has undergone quite a transformation since Ahrendts joined in 2006, to replace Rose Marie Bravo in the role. Bravo had taken Burberry from a stale raincoat maker to a far more fashionable brand. AhrendtsRead MoreEvolution Secret of the Haute Couture World2353 Words   |  10 Pagesgarments, after a series of fittings, to the highest possible standard. In the following parts, it is going to show the secrets, history of the Haute Couture world, the contemporary industry running operation secrets and the future prediction of this niche luxury market by research, interviews from the people buying the dress as well as the designers themselves. History and the start of haute couture Charles Frederick Worth (1826-95),the first â€Å"King of Couture†. His styles dominates European aristocraticRead MoreIs Neville Brody The True Legend Of Our Time?1728 Words   |  7 Pagesform films, magazines and publishing. They have created various corporate identities, on screen graphics and web designs. Their clients include Apple, Asics, the BBC, Bentley, Chloe, Coca-Cola, Kenzo, Nike, Philips, Sony Playstation, the Times and YSL. In 1988 Brody used the differences in the scale of various type fonts in order to create an advert for Nike, through the positioning of the letters to create a playful, yet powerful message. Today Neville Brody is now the Dean of the UK’s Royal CollegeRead MoreLuxury Good and Gucci3096 Words   |  13 PagesCompany Profile Gucci group is one of the world’s leading multi-brand luxury goods companies. Thanks to a clear strategy and a set of unique competitive advantages, the group has developed and strengthened a prestigious brand portfolio, broad product range and extensive geographical presence worldwide. The group well balanced brand portfolio includes prestigious and clearly identified luxury brands with a distinctive, specific role. Gucci, Bottega Veneta and Yves Saint Laurent are the enginesRead MoreLuxury Good and Gucci3083 Words   |  13 PagesCompany Profile Gucci group is one of the world’s leading multi-brand luxury goods companies. Thanks to a clear strategy and a set of unique competitive advantages, the group has developed and strengthened a prestigious brand portfolio, broad product range and extensive geographical presence worldwide. The group well balanced brand portfolio includes prestigious and clearly identified luxury brands with a distinctive, specific role. Gucci, Bottega Veneta and Yves Saint Laurent are the engines ofRead MoreAsos Brand Audit Essay3775 Words   |  16 PagesASOS Brand Audit Report Authors: Executive Summary This report gives a detailed insight into Asos as a brand and a company it highlights how it maintains its aggressive growth strategy and continues to outperform its competitors. Additionally it tells the story of Asos from its inception in 2000 to the present day and gives a glimpse of where it could go in the future. Key Points: * History * Financials * Brand Image * SWOT Analysis * PEST Analysis Table of Contents Read MoreChanel Analysis Swot, 6 Ps5076 Words   |  21 Pagesoriginality; these are the first words which come to mind, when thinking of Chanel. We as a group decided to choose Chanel as our subject, because of several reasons and questions that came to our mind. We strive to find out what the image of this brand is like today (classical, dusty or modern), and what Chanel has been doing to constantly promote the image of the label? It is commonly known that Chanel, impersonated by its famous female founder and designer Coco Chanel, has over time evolved into

Photography in Advertising and Its Effects on Society

Written by Valerio Loi (2005) Memory has been and always will be associated with images. As early as 1896, leading psychologists were arguing that memory was nothing more than a continuous exchange of images. (Bergson) Later models of memory describe it as more of an image text; a combination of space and time, and image and word. (Yates) Although image certainly is not the only component of memory, it is undoubtedly an integral and essential part of memorys composition. Photography was first utilized over 100 years ago in an attempt to preserve life as it existed before the industrial revolution. Over time photography has gradually corrupted memory in a variety of ways, despite its original intention to preserve it. From there,†¦show more content†¦The most criticized type of anthropological photograph is the image that separates subjects from their environments. The supposed goal of the separation is to highlight the subjects ethnicity and culture. If the goal, however is to highlight culture, it seems that displaying the subject in his or her own culture would be more effective. (Miller 135) Irving Penns Two New Guinea Men Holding Hands is a common example of the subject being removed from the environment. (see fig. 1) The photograph taken in Penns studio is in a style popular among ethnographers; it has been used for years by E.S. Curtis and has recently been refined by Richard Avedon. The background and the studio settings have been criticized widely as removing subjects from the daily flow of their livesÂ… and cross breeding fashion and anthropology. (Miller 135) The effect of this photograph on memory is to imprint a false image not only of two people but also of an entire culture. Penns image gives his viewer no idea of how these two men exist in reality. Because of the studio setting, the viewer cannot even safely assume that this is how the two men really dress or interact with each other. The most common association made between history and photography is not anthropology; it is the documentation of the Holocaust. Holocaust photography has been and always will be burdened by its inherent requirement to fulfill dual roles in society: the role ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Photography in Advertising and its Effects on Society3730 Words   |  15 PagesPhotography in Advertising and its Effects on Society Memory has been and always will be associated with images. As early as 1896, leading psychologists were arguing that memory was nothing more than a continuous exchange of images. (Bergson) Later models of memory describe it as more of an image text; a combination of space and time, and image and word. (Yates) Although image certainly is not the only component of memory, it is undoubtedly an integral and essential part of memory’s compositionRead More Ansel Adams Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesalso gained a lot of experience shifting conditions as a photographer of landscape. amp;#9; amp;#9; During this time until 1920, photography was just a hobby for Ansel. In 1920 he decided to make music his profession. His plan was to become a concert pianist. Ansel gave piano lessons and concerts until 1927, when he decided to change his career to photography. That same year the publication of his first book of photographs titled Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras, was out. Ansel got financialRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society946 Words   |  4 PagesTeenagers in this digital era are introduced to unprecedented amount of information about the ideal body through the use of the internet, which portrays this image through advertising, music videos, and celebrity social media accounts. With the introduction of connected technology, teen’s lust over a body that has most likely been photo-shopped and may be almost impossible to obtain. In other words, Photoshop sucks. Photoshop is a way of hiding a realistic image, converting it into a false idea ofRead MoreEssay on Sex Sells in Advertising768 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience. Although the idea of using sex appeal in advertising is not new, Diesel ran into trouble with this campaign as a large number of the public stated that it was demeaning and inappropriate. Yet others found them to be humorous, with the understanding that Diesel chose to use amateur photography and young models to appeal to the target audience of teenagers and young adults. Yet, many believe new technology such as the Internet, is allowing advertising with sexual content (eg, Diesels) to be seenRead MoreConsumerism Is All Around Us747 Words   |  3 Pagesthe people of the 21st century cannot seem to escape the ever-powerful grasp of corporate consumerism. While many are aware that consumerism is all around us, few understand the true extent to which it impacts our lives. With constant exposure to advertising it’s hard n ot to get sucked into consumerism. The advertisements we see influence our spending habits by convincing us that certain material possessions will improve our lives. This is problematic because we are controlled by our wants rather thanRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Photoshop On Teens1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the good of photography and not to give false images of the social normal. In opposition, many would state that Photoshop gives beauty and promotes financial in marketing. The main objective is to get money for false looks. American culture is highly obsessed with beauty. Everywhere you go there are advertisements and false images. Whether it’s for models or food alterations are used to sell the image. Models appearances on these images are admired and sought after from the society. Jessica WalkerRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 PagesEskilson Textbook Graphic Design a New History on postmodernism are The Swiss Poster, 1984 offset Lithograph by Wolfgang Weingart and The Struggle Continues, 1968 by Atelier Populaire. The modernist designs selected from Moholy Nagy is Painting Photography Film, 1927 Book jacket. To begin we will look at postmodern design and their aesthetics, technical context, Technology of production and the message of the artworks. Postmodernism was full of emotion and had the rule breaking of Dadaist and theRead MoreGraphic Design And Visual Arts873 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds before making design decisions. Designs by graphic designers are required for huge variety of products and activities, such as websites, advertising, books, magazines, posters, computer games/video games, product packaging, exhibitions and displays. Visual arts on the other hand are art forms such as ceramic, drawing, painting, sculptures and photography and architecture. The difference in visual arts and graphic design is that many people do not think of graphic designers as being artistRead MoreGeorge Eastman and the Kodak Camera Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Eastman’s improvements had the effect of moving photography from the professional’s studio, where it had evolved from the realm of portraiture and art, to the world of the general consumer,†(Carlisle 247). Photography was a difficult hobby or profession to have in the mid- 1800s. It was difficult because it needed essential pieces of equipment in order to even come out with a decent picture. Cameras were normally five by eight inches, and all the equipment that was needed was a hassle to carry (BucklandRead MoreThe Problem Of Advertisement, Celebrity Imaging, And Through Many Other Facets Of One s Daily Life1261 Words   |  6 Pageslooks like. â€Å"A technique which is the mainstay of advertisement companies, of personal photo-editing, and of image manipulation in general bears the overtones of a mannerist praxis carried over from the sixteenth century to the twentieth-first.† Advertising is the primary use to modified images/photoshopped images and is the backbone to this silent epidemic. Advertisement is to blame for the degradation of women. Women’s progression for gender equality is being slowed down by what is being shown on

Citigroup Free Essays

Citigroup’s link to large scandals and significant scrutiny has been a massive stain on the company’s business reputation and character. Charles Prince, CEO of Citigroup, means to remove that stain by implementing his â€Å"five point ethics plan† in an attempt to change the ethics, culture, and operations of the company through improved training, enhanced focus on talent, balanced performance appraisals, improved communications, and strengthened compliance controls. ———————————————— THIS DOCUMENT FOCUSES ON KEY CONCERNS REGARDING THE â€Å"FIVE POINT ETHICS PLAN† * How can Citigroup continually communicate the reformed organizational culture to the public?* As a corporation communications officer, what would be my method to communicate the plan to Citigroup employees and inspire change? * Who are the critical stakeholders? * How should Prince ha ndle the stakeholders’ responses and concerns? ————————————————- ontinually communicate reformed organizational culture to the public Citigroup can continually communicate their reformed organizational culture to the public in diverse ways: * Press conferences * Advertising through different avenues a. We will write a custom essay sample on Citigroup or any similar topic only for you Order Now Television talk spots and commercials b. Internet ads c. Billboard ads d. Radio commercials * Community events e. Sponsor local teams f. Sponsor local events g. Sponsor carnival weekends h. Sponsor retreats i. Sponsor charity events ommunicate plan to employees and inspire change As a corporation communication officer, I offer an array of motivating methods to communicate the plan to employees * Quarterly morale meetings by Charles Prince, CEO, with door prizes a. Discuss new ethics policy changes b. Discuss new customer service techniques * Have employees fill out suggestion cards a week prior to the meetings and go over a few or more (however many that time allows) in the Qamp;A session at the tail end of every meeting c.Ensure employees that their concerns are very important to the company d. Circulate a company memo regarding positive changes made and employees’ concerns addressed with solutions taken and ensuring their concerns are highly considered. * Promotional events for employees and their families e. Semi-annual company picnics f. Annual circus day g. Quarterly raffles to win movie tickets, dinner tickets, restaurant discount coupons, professional game tickets, reserved parking spot for one year, and cruise/vacation tickets h.Weekly parking lot car washes for employees through a contracted company hired by Citigroup. i. Annual breast exams/mammograms and prostate exams performed by mobile programs j. Holiday parties such as Christmas and New Year critical stakeholders involved The critical stakeholders involved are * Customers * The public/community * Personal and business clients * Employees * Stockholders ow should prince handle the stakeholders’ responses and concerns Prince (CEO) should handle the responses and concerns delicately and diligently. He will need to be absolutely convincing and optimistic that his â€Å"Five Point Ethics Plan† is the key to turning the company around. He will need to prove his passion through empathy regarding each and every response and concern by addressing them individually How to cite Citigroup, Papers

Compensation Package

Question: Write an essay on Elements of Compensation Package. Answer: Introduction In this report an attempt is made to address the issues of profitability and compensation of executive raised by the directors in their last meeting. The aim of this report is to suggest concrete measures after analyzing Agency Theory, Motivating factors and other important elements Elements of Compensation Package Compensations are the benefits provided to the employees by the employers in exchange of services to them (Lin 2015). For any business a huge part of their business expenses consists of employees compensation so it is very important to ascertain the appropriate compensation for a particular job. The typical compensation package includes elements like: Base salary; Short term incentives and bonuses; Long term inducements; Perquisites; Other supplementary benefits. The single largest component of a compensation package of an employee is the Base salary. It is generally ascertained on the basis of skill and experience of the employee and any subsequent increase is generally dependent on the performance and contribution of the employee (Siciliano 2014). There are various kinds of short term benefits that may be provided to employees but among them most popular is the bonus payment. Bonus is a lump sum amount paid to employees as performance incentives. It acts as motivational factors for employees to work hard. Apart from the short term benefits employees are also given long term inducements that includes stock options, stock grants etc. These benefits generally help business retain valuable employees. Perquisites and other supplementary benefits also forms an important part of compensation package. While hiring top executives that are receiving offers from multiple companies in such cases the types of perquisites offered by a company makes all the differences (Ellig 2013). So it can be said that a suitable compensation package always blends the needs of both the company and the employees. Agency Theory for determining Compensation An agency relationship is said to exist when an individual called principal engages another individual called agent to perform some services and also delegates authority to make decision. The two most important agency relationships in business are between: share holders and managers; and Bond holders and share holders. The Traditional Agency Theory deals with the conflict of interest between key stake holders in an organization. This theory makes an attempt to align the interest of both principals and agents so that conflict of interest could be resolved. Further it also tries to reconcile the difference of risk tolerance level between the principal and agent (Pepper and Gore 2015). There are certain assumptions that are made in Traditional Agency Theory and they are: It is assumed that self interest is the motivating factor for both principal and agent; It assumes that contracts are complete and there is no scope of ambiguity; It assumes that contracting will eliminates agency costs; It is assumed that share holders are only interested in financial performance; It is assumed that managers and directors should always act in the interest of share holder; It is also assumed that the agent will always be adequately compensated by the principal for their services. The assumption of self interest in the agency theory leads to inevitable conflict between both partys managers and share holders (Cuevasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Rodrguez et al. 2012). The manger will then act in their self interest to maximize their wealth and ignore the interest of the share holders. Under such circumstances a manger could only be encouraged to act for the interest of share holders by offering attracting incentives or by constantly monitoring their activity (Bridoux et al. 2014). The Agency Theory suggests that the managers can be effectively perused to act for the interest of share holders by: Linking performance with incentives; Direct control and intervention by share holders; and Threat of taking strict actions. It can be concluded that as per Agency Theory compensations should be high and adequate so that managers are motivated to act in the interest of business and share holder. So the argument provided by Bill Strong for justifying high compensation and monetary benefit to employees for motivating them is valid as per Agency theory. Two Types of Motivation- Relationship Difference Motivating factors energizes peoples behavior for achieving goals so the key to any successful business is motivated employees. Motivation is defined as the desire or need that contributes to the behavioral change of an employee. Motivation in a workplace can be classified into two categories they are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (Reiss 2012). Intrinsic motivation is the pleasure or satisfaction that is derived from the work itself. The most important feature of intrinsic motivation is that it comes from inside and it is dependent on ones own self. The extrinsic motivating factors comes from outside in the form of compensation and promotion. In most cases managers uses a combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for creating a motivated and energized workforce (Dysvik and Kuvaas 2013). There is a conflicting relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation because they are the opposite ways of motivating an employee. Various studies that have been conducted show that too much emphasis on extrinsic motivation not only reduces the intrinsic values but also has negative impact on the profitability of the business (Cerasoli et al. 2014). The primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is the motivating factor. In the case of intrinsic motivation motivating factors comes from inside whereas in case of extrinsic motivation motivating factors comes from outside (Drnyei and Ushioda 2013). So it can be concluded that Susan Bolds argument that intrinsic motivating factors should be considered at the time of determining executive compensation is valid. Relationship between Risk Compensation Risk is the uncertainty that exists about the future outcome or event of a business. The business risk is a matter of concern for both the employer and the employee and any increase in business risk increases the risk exposure of the employee (Chen et al. 2015). The attitudes towards risk return tradeoff is not the same for every employee. Thus from the point of view of taking risk employees can be classified into risk taking employees and risk averse employees. Most of the employees in workplace are risk averse and there are various reasons for such attitude but most important among them is the job security. If the consequence taking risks are too high like job loss, pay cut etc then employees will naturally be not inclined in taking risk. The risk averse employees prefers to take fixed salary because it has no variability and hence less risk. As they avoid the variable component of the salary the salary of risk averse employees remains fixed and does not increase with increase in p erformance. In contrast a risk seeking employee prefers to have a larger variable component in salary so that they can increase their earning with improving performance. On analyzing big organization it could be found that naturally employees seeking lees risk and engaged in routine gets a fixed salary whereas higher managements and executive who are responsible for making important business prefer more variable component in the salary. On studying the relationship between employees risk preference and compensation it can be concluded that risk averse employees prefer fixed salary for them security of salary is the main concern. On the other hand risk seeking employees prefer salary with large variable components like compensation for them performance based salary is the main concern. The relation relationship between business risk and compensation can also be studied through Agency Theory. The study of agency theory has shown that there are two major relationships between business risk and compensation package. The Agency theory suggests that there is a positive relationship between the base pay and the business risk. This means that an employee (agent) is willing to undertake more business risk if such risk is mitigated by increasing its base pays (Chen et al. 2014). Secondly, Agency theory implies that there is a negative relationship between incentive compensation and business risk. In high risk business environment increase in incentive payment will further increase the risk exposure of the employee (agent). So from the above discussion it can be concluded that compensation package depends upon the employees assessment of risks. If an employee expects high risk then the desired compensation package shall include high base pay and low incentives (Tao 2013). But if the employee asses low risk then the compensation package shall include higher compensation. Influence of time on financial benefits In finance there is a concept of time value of money. The time value of money suggests that any money received at the present time is worth more than it will have worth in future. It happens because over the period of time the purchasing power of the money reduces. The purchasing power of money reduces because of increase in inflation (Lewin and Cachanosky 2015). So it is natural that employee will be more interested in receiving financial benefit at present moment than in future. Thus it can be concluded that as the time of receiving benefit increases the desire to receive such benefit decreases (Gupta and Shaw 2014). In the given case employees are provided financial benefit in terms of share which can be sold by them after three years. The assertion made by the board members that this has leaded to low employee morale is justified. Fairness Compensation Compensation is the reward earned by an employee in return of their service or labor. The determination of appropriate compensation involves consideration of various factors and one of the key components among them is fairness or equity (Elbers et al. 2013). The employees perceive fairness both internally and externally. The internal fairness is said to exist when employee perceives that there is an equality of pay among all employees of same stature. The external fairness is said to exist when employee perceives that their compensation is according to the industry standard. If the perception of internal or external unfairness exists then it will lead to low employee moral which will ultimately result in low profitability of the business (Kingsley 2013). So it can be concluded that considering fairness is a very important factor while determining compensation. Executive Compensation Committee Benefit The responsibility of determining the executive compensation is with the board of directors (Hermanson 2012). In most cases it is found that due to shortage of time it is not possible for all the board of directors to deliberate on the issue of executive compensation. The directors for want of time have delegated this responsibility to executive compensation committee. The committee acts on behalf of the board of directors and are responsible for managing and designing the executive compensation. The responsibility of executive compensation committee includes development of an annual executive incentive plan (Dittmann et al. 2015). Further they are also responsible for execution and administration of such plan. The committee develops concrete performance goals for executives so that annual compensation can be determined on the basis of well established parameter. So it can be said that executive committee is beneficial in determining executive compensation. Structure of the Committee The function of the executive compensation committee is to determine the compensation the executives. This requires the committee to function independently from the management (Joseph et al. 2014). To maintain independence it is necessary that the managers should not have automatic access to committee meetings whenever necessary committee members should have access to managers (Sirkin et.al. 2015). The compensation committee, to achieve the best outcome should adopt the following best practices: Special attention is required to be given while choosing committee members. It is advisable that at least one director is chosen having experience in executive compensation; It is advised that the company should adopt a committee charter so that it can act as the governing document of the committee; The company should develop a philosophy for designing executive function; The committee should review the compensation level at regular intervals; The committee should also review its own functions annually. Conclusion The above study has adequately dealt with all the required information for determining the compensation. The study has shown that compensation package should be adequately designed so that the objective of the employer and employee both can be achieved. The agency theory suggests that the compensation should be high enough so that managers could overcome self interest. The motivation of an employee is not only dependent on compensation it is very essential that intrinsic motivating factors should also be considered. Further it is essential that employees should not perceive unfairness in their treatment then it will have a very negative impact in motivation of employees. Recommendations From the analysis the concrete suggestion that can be given are as follows: The construction industry is in down turn so risk has increased. In such case it is suggest that executive compensation package should not include high incentives but it will further increase risk exposure; The incentive plan of employees should be revised because it has lead to a fall in motivation. It is suggest that the restriction imposed on employees for not allowing them to sell shares which are given as incentives should be changed; The Agency theory is very popular so compensation based on the theory should continue; The intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors should be considered whiledetermining compensation. References Bridoux, F. and Stoelhorst, J.W., 2014. Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.107-125. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,140(4), p.980. Chen, J., Hill, P. and Ozkan, N., 2015. Financial Distress Risk, Executive Compensation and the Executive Labour Market.Executive Compensation and the Executive Labour Market (January 8, 2015) Chen, Y. and Jermias, J., 2014. Business strategy, executive compensation and firm performance.Accounting Finance,54(1), pp.113-134. Cuevasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Rodrguez, G., Gomezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mejia, L.R. and Wiseman, R.M., 2012. Has agency theory run its course?: Making the theory more flexible to inform the management of reward systems.Corporate Governance: An International Review,20(6), pp.526-546. Dittmann, I., Yu, K.C. and Zhang, D., 2015. How important are risk-taking incentives in executive compensation?.Available at SSRN 1176192. Drnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E., 2013.Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledg Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B., 2013. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals.British Journal of Social Psychology,52(3), pp.412-430. Elbers, N.A., Akkermans, A.J., Cuijpers, P. and Bruinvels, D.J., 2013. Procedural justice and quality of life in compensation processes.Injury,44(11), pp.1431-1436. Ellig, B.R., 2013. Attracting, Motivating and Retaining Executives Lessons From Years as an HR Executive.Compensation Benefits Review,45(2), pp.75-87. Gupta, N. and Shaw, J.D., 2014. Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), pp.1-4. Hermanson, D.R., Tompkins, J.G., Veliyath, R. and Ye, Z.S., 2012. The Compensation Committee Process*.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(3), pp.666-709. Joseph, J., Ocasio, W. and McDonnell, M.H., 2014. The structural elaboration of board independence: Executive power, institutional logics, and the adoption of CEO-only board structures in US corporate governance.Academy of Management Journal,57(6), pp.1834-1858. Kingsley Westerman, C.Y., 2013. How people restore equity at work and play: Forgiveness, derogation, and communication.Communication Studies,64(3), pp.296-314. Lewin, P. and Cachanosky, N., 2015. The Time-Value of Money and the Money-Value of Time: Duration, Roundaboutness, Productivity and Time-Preference in Finance and Economics.Roundaboutness, Productivity and Time-Preference in Finance and Economics (June 2, 2015). Lin, F., 2015. Essays in Corporate Governance and Executive Compensation. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., 2015. Behavioral agency theory new foundations for theorizing about executive compensation.Journal of management,41(4), pp.1045-1068. Reiss, S., 2012. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Teaching of Psychology,39(2), pp.152-156. Siciliano, M., 2014. Beyond the Basics of Executive Compensation: Researching What Corporate Executives Are Really Worth.Journal of Business Finance Librarianship,19(4), pp.306-318. Sirkin, M.S. and Cagney, L.K., 2015.Executive compensation. Law Journal Press. Tao, N.B. and Hutchinson, M., 2013. Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,9(1), pp.83-99. The International Accounting and Assurance Standard Board (ISAB) have issued a revised International standard on Auditing 700 which became effective on or after 31, December, 2012. The revised standard was issued to reduce the audit expectation gap between the users of financial statement and the Audit profession. As per the revised ISA 700 an auditor is required to provide explanation in the audit report so that it could improve the users understanding of audit (Gold et. al. 2012). The main aim of this research paper is to ascertain the current state of expectation gap under revised IAS700. Further this research paper also aims to determine whether providing explanation in the audit report as required by the IAS700 actually reduces the expectation gap. Table showing groups and information received Complete Unqualified Audit Report with explanation as required by IAS700. Complete unqualified audit report containing only auditors opinion and not the explanation Auditors Auditors Financial Analyst Financial Analyst Student Student The table has shown that there are three subject groups Auditors, Financial Analysts and students and two factors one, audit report with explanation from auditor and in another case audit report with opinion only. The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether the opinion of the subject group changes with the change in available informations. Manipulation check is an important part of the research method. It is conducted to determine whether a change or manipulation in independent variable has its intended effect on the participants (Moroney and Trotman 2015). In this research project two strong manipulations were used they are: In one case only auditors opinion section of the audit report was shown to the participants; In another case, complete auditors report fulfilling all the conditions as stated in ISA 700 was shown to the participants. The purpose of this manipulation check was to ascertain the effectiveness of the explanation provided by the auditor in the audit report under IAS700. The result of this manipulation check would ultimately help to derive the conclusion of this research (Kotzian 2015). So it can be concluded that manipulation check is very important part of the research. The responsibility of the auditor is to form an opinion on the true and fair view of the financial statement. But the study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana has clearly shown that as per public perception it is the responsibility of the auditors to detect fraud and errors in the financial statements. This difference in perception of responsibility is known as Audit Expectation Gap. There is no research that has been conducted on Audit expectation gap in Ghana. Therefore the main aim of this study is to ascertain the existence of audit expectation gap in Ghana. The main aim of the study Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession is to ascertain whether the public at large have the knowledge of responsibility of the auditors. Further this study also aims to provide ways in which audit professional can reduce audit expectation gap. The study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana has found that the audit expectation gap exists primarily because of the subjective terms that are used in auditing. This study has included various sampling techniques for performing the research. In the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession it is found that expectation gap exist because of lack of knowledge about the responsibility of the auditor. This method used detail questioner method for collecting data. So from the analysis it can be said that the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession is more rigorous as it focuses on quantitative research. In the study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana non probability sampling techniques were used in selecting participants. The techniques of sampling included both convenience and purposive technique. In selecting the users of the financial statement a purposive sampling techniques were used and in case of choosing respondents to questionnaires convenient sampling techniques were used. The research participants were auditors and stock brokers from Greater Accra Region. The stock brokers were chosen from Ghana stock exchange and auditors were selected from the central business district of Accra. In case of the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession the participants were selected randomly from various students, teachers, professionals and investors. So it can be said that in the study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana research participants were selected more rigorously. In the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession it was found that 67.12% of the respondent is unaware of the role of the auditor. It is clearly established in the study that there exist a positive relationship between the audit expectation gap and the ignorance about the responsibility of the auditor. In the study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana it was found that 45% of the respondent auditors agree to the statement and 45% of them disagree. It was found that out of total stock brokers only 65% of them agree to the frauds that were detected in financial statements. So it can be concluded that response rate in Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession is more accurate. In the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession data was collected by providing questionnaires to 130 respondents who were chosen randomly. The data that was generated from the respondent were analyzed using descriptive and statistical analysis. In the study of An Assessment of Expectation Gap in Ghana the data was collected primarily through questionnaires. This datas were analyzed using statistical package for social science. So it can be concluded that in the study of Narrowing the expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of Auditing Profession the data is more rigorously analyzed with the help of accurate financial and audit data. The two flaws that can be noticed in the studies are Users of the financial statement need to be more aware of the responsibility of the auditor. It is advisable that an audit report should explicitly provide that it does not vouch for financial accuracy and audit report is not a certificate or guarantee given by the auditor ; It was also found that there is high expectations from audited financial statements which should be properly addressed to reduce the audit expectation gap. References Gold, A., Gronewold, U. and Pott, C., 2012. The ISA 700 auditor's report and the audit expectation gapDo explanations matter?.International Journal of Auditing,16(3), pp.286-307. Kotzian, P., Stoeber, T., Hoos, F., Weienberger, P. and Barbara, E., 2015. To Be or Not to Be in the Sample? On the Consequences of Using Manipulation Checks in Experimental Accounting Research.Barbara E., To Be or Not to Be in the Sample. Moroney, R. and Trotman, K.T., 2015. Differences in Auditors' Materiality Assessments When Auditing Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports.Contemporary Accounting Research.